Olaudah equiano biography autobiography difference

Abolitionist and writer (c. 1745 – 1797)

For the exoplanet known as in his honour, see HD 43197 b. For the Norse king, see Gustav Vasa.

Olaudah Equiano (; c. 1745 – 31 March 1797), known for nigh of his life as Gustavus Vassa (), was a man of letters and abolitionist.

According to wreath memoir, he was from loftiness village of Essaka in novel southern Nigeria.^[1][2] Enslaved as span child in West Africa, filth was shipped to the Sea and sold to a Monarchical Navy officer. He was advertise twice more before purchasing authority freedom in 1766.

As neat as a pin freedman in London, Equiano backed the British abolitionist movement, regulate the 1780s becoming one guide its leading figures.

Equiano was part of the abolitionist caste the Sons of Africa, whose members were Africans living unite Britain. His 1789 autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Nation of Olaudah Equiano, sold tolerable well that nine editions were published during his life put up with helped secure passage of grandeur British Slave Trade Act 1807, which abolished the slave trade.^[3]The Interesting Narrative gained renewed prevalence among scholars in the bump 20th century and remains uncluttered useful primary source.^[4][5]

Early life station enslavement

According to his 1789 narrative, Equiano was born around 1745 in the Igbo village jump at Essaka in what is evocative southern Nigeria.

He claimed enthrone home was part of probity Kingdom of Benin.^[6][7]

Equiano recounted protest incident of an attempted abduction of children in his Ethnos village, which was foiled offspring adults. When he was keep up the age of eleven, proscribed and his sister were left-wing alone to look after their family premises, as was general when adults went out receive the house to work.

They were kidnapped and taken afar from their home, separated refuse sold to slave traders. Settle down tried to escape but was thwarted. After his owners at odds several times, Equiano happened hitch meet with his sister on the other hand they were separated again. Cardinal or seven months after appease had been kidnapped, he checked in at the coast where loosen up was taken on board dialect trig European slave ship.^[8][9] He was transported with 244 other oppressed Africans across the Atlantic The deep to Barbados in the Island West Indies.

He and put in order few other slaves were connote on for sale in representation Colony of Virginia.

Literary egghead Vincent Carretta argued in monarch 2005 biography of Equiano guarantee the activist could have back number born in colonial South Carolina rather than Africa, based measurement a 1759 parish baptismal note that lists Equiano's place carefulness birth as Carolina and efficient 1773 ship's muster that indicates South Carolina.^[5][10] Carretta's conclusion hype disputed by other scholars who believe the weight of testimony supports Equiano's account of in the vicinity of from Africa.^[11]

In Virginia, Equiano was bought by Michael Henry Philosopher, a lieutenant in the Imperial Navy.

Pascal renamed the lad "Gustavus Vassa", after the 16th-century King of SwedenGustav Vasa^[8] who began the Protestant Reformation wrench Sweden. Equiano had already anachronistic renamed twice: he was cryed Michael while on board probity slave ship that brought him to the Americas, and Biochemist by his first owner. That time, Equiano refused and uttered his new owner that noteworthy would prefer to be titled Jacob.

His refusal, he says, "gained me many a cuff" and eventually he submitted advance the new name.^: 62 He submissive this name for the stop off of his life, including plus all official records; he lone used Equiano in his autobiography.^[1]

Pascal took Equiano with him conj at the time that he returned to England direct had him accompany him although a valet during the Figure Years' War with France (1756–1763).

Equiano gives witness reports a number of the Siege of Louisbourg (1758), the Battle of Lagos (1759) and the Capture of Looker Île (1761). Also trained purchase seamanship, Equiano was expected say yes assist the ship's crew oppress times of battle; his pay off was to haul gunpowder endorsement the gun decks. Pascal advantaged Equiano and sent him contain his sister-in-law in Great Kingdom so that he could go to school and learn to problem and write.

Equiano converted be acquainted with Christianity and was baptised story St Margaret's, Westminster, on 9 February 1759, when he was described in the parish rota as "a Black, born clear up Carolina, 12 years old".^[12] Jurisdiction godparents were Mary Guerin lecture her brother, Maynard, who were cousins of his master Pa.

They had taken an irk in him and helped him to learn English. Later, conj at the time that Equiano's origins were questioned stern his book was published, primacy Guerins testified to his shortage of English when he be foremost came to London.^[1]

In December 1762, Pascal sold Equiano to Airman James Doran of the Charming Sally at Gravesend, from wheel he was transported back contract the Caribbean, to Montserrat, make out the Leeward Islands.

There, illegal was sold to Robert Munificent, an American Quaker merchant let alone Philadelphia who traded in loftiness Caribbean.^[13]

Release

Robert King set Equiano be introduced to work on his shipping communication and in his stores. Lessening 1765, when Equiano was stress 20 years old, King spoken for absorbed that for his purchase value of 40 pounds (equivalent nearly £6,900 in 2023) he could acquire his freedom.^[14] King taught him to read and write add-on fluently, guided him along honesty path of religion, and permissible Equiano to engage in paid trading for his own qualifications, as well as on rule owner's behalf.

Equiano sold season`s growth, glass tumblers and other inside info between Georgia and the Sea islands. King allowed Equiano peak buy his freedom, which prohibited achieved in 1766. The vendor artisan urged Equiano to stay put your name down for as a business partner. On the other hand, Equiano found it dangerous avoid limiting to remain in loftiness British colonies as a freedwoman.

While loading a ship limit Georgia, he was almost seize back into enslavement.

Freedom

By misgivings 1768, Equiano had gone infer Britain. He continued to run away with at sea, travelling sometimes importation a deckhand based in England. In 1773 on the Sovereign august Navy ship HMS Racehorse, smartness travelled to the Arctic shrub border an expedition towards the Northmost Pole.^[15] On that voyage significant worked with Dr Charles Author, who had developed a enter to distill seawater and subsequent made a fortune from hold.

Two years later, Irving recruited Equiano for a project show partiality towards the Mosquito Coast in Main America, where he was greet use his African background stop by help select slaves and position them as labourers on sugar-cane plantations. Irving and Equiano abstruse a working relationship and attachment for more than a dec, but the plantation venture failed.^[16] Equiano met with George, distinction "Musquito king's son".

Equiano omitted the Mosquito Coast in 1776 and arrived at Plymouth, England, on 7 January 1777.^{[citation needed]}

Pioneer of the abolitionist cause

Equiano fixed in London, where in influence 1780s he became involved sight the abolitionist movement. The carriage to end the slave barter had been particularly strong amid Quakers, but the Society championing Effecting the Abolition of decency Slave Trade was founded check 1787 as a non-denominational advance, with Anglican members, in disentangle attempt to influence parliament tangentially.

Under the Test Act, unique those prepared to receive character sacrament of the Lord's Refection according to the rites pleasant the Church of England were permitted to serve as Slump. Equiano had been influenced soak George Whitefield's evangelism.

As obvious as 1783, Equiano informed abolitionists such as Granville Sharp draw up to the slave trade; that era he was the first interrupt tell Sharp about the Zong massacre, which was being reliable in London as litigation choose insurance claims.

It became unadulterated cause célèbre for the meliorist movement and contributed to take the edge off growth.^[7]

On 21 October 1785 recognized was one of eight embassy from Africans in America justify present an 'Address of Thanks' to the Quakers at efficient meeting in Gracechurch Street, Author.

The address referred to A Caution to Great Britain gift her Colonies by Anthony Benezet, founder of the Society financial assistance the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage.^[17]

Equiano was befriended and supported by abolitionists, many of whom encouraged him to write and publish wreath life story.

He was wiry financially in this effort prep between philanthropic abolitionists and religious benefactors. His lectures and preparation comply with the book were promoted close to, among others, Selina Hastings, Viscountess of Huntingdon.

Memoir

Entitled The Absorbing Narrative of the Life type Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789), the emergency supply went through nine editions reconcile his lifetime.

It is horn of the earliest-known examples abide by published writing by an Someone writer to be widely skim in England. By 1792, esteem was a best seller come first had been published in Empire, Germany, Holland and the Combined States. It was the chief influential slave narrative of what became a large literary breed.

But Equiano's experience in serfdom was quite different from roam of most slaves; he outspoken not participate in field attention, he served his owners on one's own and went to sea, was taught to read and draw up, and worked in trading.^[7]

Equiano's bodily account of slavery, his passage of advancement, and his recollections as a black immigrant caused a sensation on publication.

Interpretation book fuelled a growing anti-slavery movement in Great Britain, Collection and the New World.^[18] Coronate account surprised many with honesty quality of its imagery, collection and literary style.

In her majesty account, Equiano gives details perceive his hometown and the earmark and customs of the Eboe people.

After being captured bit a boy, he described communities he passed through as well-organized captive on his way shabby the coast. His biography information his voyage on a scullion ship and the brutality emblematic slavery in the colonies mean the West Indies, Virginia avoid Georgia.

Equiano commented on leadership reduced rights that freed citizenry of colour had in these same places, and they likewise faced risks of kidnapping captivated enslavement.

Equiano embraced Christianity livid the age of 14 ground its importance to him deterioration a recurring theme in emperor autobiography. He was baptised attain the Church of England pulsate 1759; he described himself quantity his autobiography as a "protestant of the church of England" but also flirted with Methodism.^[19]

Several events in Equiano's life group him to question his duty.

He was distressed in 1774 by the kidnapping of ruler friend, a black cook given name John Annis. Annis and her majesty former enslaver, William Kirkpatrick, difficult to understand initially "parted by consent" nevertheless Kirkpatrick reneged, seeking to abduct and re-enslave Annis. Kirkpatrick was ultimately successful, forcibly removing Annis from the British ship Anglicania where both he and Equiano served.^[20] This was in abuse of the decision in nobleness Somersett Case (1772), that slaves could not be taken unapproachable England without their permission, kind common law did not investment the institution in England & Wales.

Kirkpatrick had Annis elated to Saint Kitts, where explicit was punished severely and diseased as a plantation labourer he died. With the cause to feel of Granville Sharp, Equiano tested to get Annis released in advance he was shipped from England but was unsuccessful. He heard that Annis was not graceful from suffering until he mindnumbing in slavery.^[21] Despite his doubting, he affirms his faith gratify Christianity, as seen in say publicly penultimate sentence of his see to that quotes the prophet Micheas (Micah 6:8): "After all, what makes any event important, unless by its observation we expire better and wiser, and acquire 'to do justly, to tenderness mercy, and to walk noiselessly before God?'"

In his pass up, Equiano also told of culminate settling in London.

He wed an English woman and ephemeral with her in Soham, Cambridgeshire, where they had two kids. He became a leading crusader in the 1780s, lecturing lessening numerous cities against the odalisque trade. Equiano records his other Granville Sharp's central roles coop up the anti-slave trade movement, survive their effort to publicise greatness Zong massacre, which became admitted in 1783.

Reviewers have start that his book demonstrated depiction full and complex humanity attack Africans as much as grandeur inhumanity of slavery. The textbook was considered an exemplary pierce of English literature by clever new African author. Equiano plainspoken so well in sales defer he achieved independence from realm benefactors.

He travelled throughout England, Scotland and Ireland promoting probity book, spending eight months do Ireland alone between 1792 settle down 1793.^[22] He worked to prepare economic, social and educational milieu in Africa. Specifically, he became involved in working in Sierra Leone, a colony founded go to see 1792 for freed slaves make wet Britain in West Africa.

Later years, radical connections

During the Indweller Revolutionary War, Britain had recruited black people to fight become clear to it by offering freedom study those who left rebel poet. In practice, it also palpable women and children, and attentive thousands of slaves to hang over lines in New York Conurbation, which it occupied, and of great consequence the South, where its throng occupied Charleston, South Carolina.

Like that which British troops were evacuated dubious the end of the battle, their officers also evacuated these former American slaves. They were resettled in the Caribbean, steadily Nova Scotia, in Sierra Leone in Africa, and in Writer. Britain refused to return rendering slaves, which the United States sought in peace negotiations.

In 1783, following the United States' gaining independence, Equiano became affected in helping the Black Sappy of London, who were principally those former African-American slaves convinced during and after the Land Revolution by the British. In the air were also some freed slaves from the Caribbean, and cruel who had been brought brush aside their owners to England current freed later after the opt that Britain had no footing in common law for subjection.

The black community numbered fail to differentiate 20,000.^[23] After the Revolution both 3,000 former slaves had antiquated transported from New York be Nova Scotia, where they became known as Black Loyalists, amidst other Loyalists also resettled almost. Many of the freedmen be seen it difficult to make new-found lives in London or Canada.

Equiano was appointed "Commissary elder Provisions and Stores for magnanimity Black Poor going to Sierra Leone" in November 1786.^{[citation needed]} This was an expedition be proof against resettle London's Black Poor train in Freetown, a new British tie founded on the west strand of Africa, in present-day Sierra Leone.

The blacks from Writer were joined by more get away from 1,200 Black Loyalists who chose to leave Nova Scotia. They were aided by John Clarkson, younger brother of abolitionist Apostle Clarkson. Jamaican maroons, as be a triumph as slaves liberated from illicit slave-trading ships after Britain go to the wall the slave trade, also group at Freetown in the steady decades.

Equiano was dismissed the new settlement after dissident against financial mismanagement and operate returned to London.^[24][25]

Equiano was neat as a pin prominent figure in London status often served as a spokeswoman for the black community. Filth was one of the important members of the Sons late Africa, a small abolitionist fly-by-night composed of free Africans wear London.

They were closely pooled with the Society for ethics Abolition of the Slave Dealings. Equiano's comments on issues were published in newspapers such primate the Public Advertiser and high-mindedness Morning Chronicle. He replied give confidence James Tobin in 1788, undecided the Public Advertiser, attacking pair of his pamphlets and tidy related book from 1786 hunk Gordon Turnbull.^[26][27] Equiano had supplementary of a public voice best most Africans or Black Loyalists and he seized various opportunities to use it.^[28]

Equiano was prolong active member of the essential working-class London Corresponding Society, which campaigned for democratic reform.

Tag 1791–92, touring the British Shangri-la with his autobiography and drag on abolitionist networks he brokered connections for the LCS, inclusive of what may have been prestige Society's first contacts with magnanimity United Irishmen.^[29] In Belfast, annulus his appearance in May 1791 was celebrated by abolitionists who five years previously had furtive plans to commission vessels reap the port for the Mid Passage,^[30] Equiano was hosted past as a consequence o the leading United Irishman, owner of their Painite newspaper birth Northern Star, Samuel Neilson.^[31] Next the onset of war knapsack revolutionary France, leading members director the LCS, including Thomas Durable with whom Equiano lodged unsavory 1792, were charged with betrayal, and in 1799, following data of communication between leading workers and the insurrectionary United Irishmen, the society was suppressed.

Marriage and family

On 7 April 1792, Equiano married Susannah Cullen, exceptional local woman, in St Andrew's Church, Soham, Cambridgeshire.^[35] The recent marriage register containing the record for Vassa and Cullen quite good held today by the Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies.

Misstep included his marriage in all edition of his autobiography proud 1792 onwards. The couple diehard in the area and locked away two daughters, Anna Maria (1793–1797) and Joanna (1795–1857) who were baptised at Soham church.

Susannah died in February 1796, decrepit 34, and Equiano died wonderful year after that on 31 March 1797.^[8] Soon after, Anna died at the age break into four, leaving Joanna to be left Equiano's estate when she was 21; it was then prized at £950 (equivalent to £92,000 in 2023).

Anna Maria is the bathroom by a plaque at Immediately Andrew's Church, Chesterton, Cambridge.^[36] Joanna Vassa married the Reverend Rhetorician Bromley, a Congregationalist minister, bind 1821. They are both interred at the non-denominationalAbney Park God`s acre in Stoke Newington, London; description Bromleys' monument is now undiluted Grade II listed building.^[37]

Last life and will

He drew up climax will on 28 May 1796.

At the time he was living at the Plaisterers' Hall,^[38] then on Addle Street, divide Aldermanbury in the City corporeal London.^[39][40] He moved to Bathroom Street (now Whitfield Street), base to Whitefield's Tabernacle, Tottenham Pore over Road. At his death disrupt 31 March 1797, he was living in Paddington Street, Westminster.^[41] Equiano's death was reported blessed American^[42] as well as Land newspapers.

Equiano was buried putrefy Whitefield's Tabernacle on 6 Apr. The entry in the roll reads "Gustus Vasa, 52 maturity, S^t Mary Le bone".^[43][44] Emperor burial place has been missing. The small burial ground put either side of the shrine and is now Whitfield Gardens.^[45] The site of the protection is now the American General Church.

Equiano's will, in grandeur event of his daughters' deaths before reaching the age clutch 21, bequeathed half his resources to the Sierra Leone Convention for a school in Sierra Leone, and half to ethics London Missionary Society.^[40]

Controversy related toady to memoir

Following publication in 1967 be more or less a newly edited version accept his memoir by Paul Theologiser, interest in Equiano revived.

Scholars from Nigeria have also started studying him. For example, Dope. S. Ogede identifies Equiano importation a pioneer in asserting "the dignity of African life break off the white society of realm time".^[46]

In researching his life, selected scholars since the late Ordinal century have disputed Equiano's put in the bank of his origins.

In 1999 while editing a new type of Equiano's memoir, Vincent Carretta, a professor of English hold the University of Maryland, core two records that led him to question the former slave's account of being born grasp Africa. He first published coronet findings in the journal Slavery and Abolition.^[10][47] At a 2003 conference in England, Carretta defended himself against Nigerian academics, mean Obiwu, who accused him be beaten "pseudo-detective work" and indulging "in vast publicity gamesmanship".^[48] In king 2005 biography, Carretta suggested dump Equiano may have been national in South Carolina rather more willingly than Africa, as he was binary recorded from there.

Carretta wrote:

Equiano was certainly African impervious to descent. The circumstantial evidence digress Equiano was also African-American be oblivious to birth and African-British by selection is compelling but not unreservedly conclusive. Although the circumstantial verification is not equivalent to verification, anyone dealing with Equiano's being and art must consider it.^[5]

According to Carretta, Equiano/Vassa's baptismal slant and a naval muster curl document him as from Southernmost Carolina.^[10] Carretta interpreted these anomalies as possible evidence that Equiano had made up the cash in of his African origins, predominant adopted material from others.

On the contrary Paul Lovejoy, Alexander X. Explorer and Douglas Chambers note agricultural show many general and specific trivia Carretta can document from large quantity that related to the lackey trade in the 1750s sort described by Equiano, including rectitude voyages from Africa to Colony, sale to Pascal in 1754, and others. They conclude prohibited was more likely telling what he understood as fact, fairly than creating a fictional account; his work is shaped trade in an autobiography.^[15][7][49]

Lovejoy wrote that:

circumstantial evidence indicates that he was born where he said perform was, and that, in truth, The Interesting Narrative is pretty accurate in its details, even if, of course, subject to rank same criticisms of selectivity sports ground self-interested distortion that characterize probity genre of autobiography.

Lovejoy uses class name of Vassa in sovereignty article, since that was what the man used throughout queen life, in "his baptism, wreath naval records, marriage certificate distinguished will".^[7] He emphasises that Vassa only used his African honour in his autobiography.

Other historians also argue that the naked truth that many parts of Equiano's account can be proven lends weight to accepting his bear in mind of African birth. As historiographer Adam Hochschild has written:

In the long and fascinating chronicle of autobiographies that distort leave go of exaggerate the truth. ...

Seldom evaluation one crucial portion of put in order memoir totally fabricated and honourableness remainder scrupulously accurate; among autobiographers ... both dissemblers and truth-tellers put on an act to be consistent.^[50]

He also respected that "since the 'rediscovery' intelligent Vassa's account in the Sixties, scholars have valued it thanks to the most extensive account nigh on an eighteenth-century slave's life impressive the difficult passage from bondage to freedom".^[7]

Legacy

• The Equiano Society was formed in London in Nov 1996.

  Its main objective equitable to publicise and celebrate character life and work of Olaudah Equiano.^[51][52]

• In 1789 Equiano moved norm 10 Union Street (now 73 Riding House Street). A Expertise of Westminster commemorative green marker was unveiled there on 11 October 2000 as part use your indicators Black History Month.

  Student musicians from Trinity College of Medicine played a fanfare composed harsh Professor Ian Hall for interpretation unveiling.^[53]

• Equiano is honoured in nobility Church of England and renowned in its Calendar of saints with a Lesser Festival suspicion 30 July, along with Clocksmith Clarkson and William Wilberforce who worked for abolition of blue blood the gentry slave trade and slavery.^[54][55]
• In 2007, the year of the performance in Britain of the anniversary of the abolition of illustriousness slave trade, Equiano's life very last achievements were included in rank National Curriculum, together with William Wilberforce.

  In December 2012 The Daily Mail claimed that both would be dropped from rank curriculum, a claim which strike became subject to controversy.^[56] Purchase January 2013 Operation Black Referendum launched a petition to petition Education Secretary Michael Gove constitute keep both Equiano and Procession Seacole in the National Curriculum.^[57] American Rev.

  Jesse Jackson near others wrote a letter give confidence The Times protesting against depiction mooted removal of both voting ballot from the National Curriculum.^[58][59]

• A get the hang of Equiano, made by course group of Edmund Waller School, was erected in Telegraph Hill Lessen Park, New Cross, London, encroach 2008.^[60]
• The head of Equiano hype included in Martin Bond's 1997 sculpture Wall of the Ancestors in Deptford, London
• Author Ann Cameron adapted Equiano's autobiography for lineage, leaving most of the subject in Equiano's own words; rank book was published in 1995 in the U.S.

  by Aleatory House as The Kidnapped Prince: The Life of Olaudah Equiano, with an introduction by student Henry Louis Gates Jr.

• On 16 October 2017, Google Doodle worthy Equiano by celebrating the 272nd year since his birth.^[61]
• A depression on Mercury was named "Equiano" in 1976.^[62]
• The exoplanetHD 43197 unskilful was officially named Equiano preparation 2019 as part of NameExoWorlds.^[63]
• In 2019, Google Cloud named smashing subsea cable running from Portugal through the West Coast make a fuss over Africa and terminating in Southerly Africa after Equiano.^[64]
• In 2022, righteousness city of Cambridge honoured Equiano by renaming Riverside Bridge give way to Equiano Bridge.^[65][66]

Representation in other media

• The Gambian actor Louis Mahoney faked Equiano in the BBC induce mini-series The Fight Against Slavery (1975).^[67]
• A 28-minute documentary, Son several Africa: The Slave Narrative mean Olaudah Equiano (1996), produced vulgar the BBC and directed gross Alrick Riley, uses dramatic restoration, archival material and interviews oratory bombast provide the social and monetary context for his life innermost the slave trade.^[68]

Numerous works apropos Equiano have been produced annoyed and since the 2007 anniversary of Britain's abolition of description slave trade:

• Equiano was describe by the Senegalese musician Youssou N'Dour in the film Amazing Grace (2006).
• African Snow (2007), shipshape and bristol fashion play by Murray Watts, takes place in the mind unconscious John Newton, a captain kick up a rumpus the slave trade who next became an Anglican cleric refuse hymnwriter.

  It was first influence at the York Theatre Imperial as a co-production with Travelling Lights Theatre Company, transferring grasp the Trafalgar Studios in London's West End and a folk tour. Newton was played uninviting Roger Alborough and Equiano surpass Israel Oyelumade.

• Kent historian Dr Parliamentarian Hume wrote a children's spot on entitled Equiano: The Slave deal with the Loud Voice (2007), expressive by Cheryl Ives.^[69]
• David and Jessica Oyelowo appeared as Olaudah standing his wife in Grace Outspoken – The Olaudah Equiano Story (2007), a radio adaptation make known Equiano's autobiography, created by Heart on the Family Radio Theatre.^[70][71]
• The British jazz artist Soweto Kinch's first album, Conversations with rank Unseen (2003), contains a circlet entitled "Equiano's Tears".
• Equiano was describe by Jeffery Kissoon in Margaret Busby's 2007 play An Human Cargo, staged at London's Borough Theatre.^[72][73]
• Equiano is portrayed by Danny Sapani in the BBC mound Garrow's Law (2010).
• The Nigerian man of letters Chika Unigwe has written a-ok fictional memoir of Equiano: The Black Messiah, originally published boardwalk Dutch as De zwarte messias (2013).^[74]
• In Jason Young's 2007 little animated film, The Interesting Narration of Olaudah Equiano, Chris Metropolis portrayed Equiano.^[75]
• A TikTok series beneath the account @equiano.stories recounts "the true story of Olaudah Equiano", a collection of episodes reimagining the childhood of Equiano.

  High-mindedness story is captured as wonderful self-recorded, first-person account, within say publicly format of Instagram Stories/TikTok posts, using video, still images, folk tale text.^[76]

• In 2022 a documentary indulged The Amazing Life of Olaudah Equiano was broadcast by BBC Radio 4.^[77]

See also

References

Further reading

• The Interesting Account of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, magnanimity African at Wikisource.
• For the account of the Narrative's publication, notice James Green, "The Publishing Characteristics of Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative", Slavery and Abolition 16, thumb.

  3 (1995): 362–375.

• S. E. Ogude, "Facts into fiction: Equiano's account reconsidered", Research into African Literatures, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1982
• S. E. Ogude, "Olaudah Equiano presentday the tradition of Defoe", African Literature Today, Vol. 14, 1984
• James Walvin, An African's Life: Magnanimity Life and Times of Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797 (London: Continuum, 1998)
• Luke Walker, Olaudah Equiano: The Having an important effect Man (Wrath and Grace Declaring, 2017)

External links

• Works by Olaudah Equiano in eBook form at Imperfect Ebooks
• Works by Olaudah Equiano attractive Project Gutenberg
• Works by or be alarmed about Olaudah Equiano at the Info strada Archive
• Works by Olaudah Equiano balanced LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Frederick Quinn, "Olaudah Equiano", Dictionary help African Christian Biography, article reproduced with permission from African Saints: Saints, Martyrs, and Holy Go out from the Continent of Africa, copyright © 2002 by Town Quinn, New York: Crossroads Issue Company
• Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Brycchan Carey site, Carey 2003–2005.

  Includes Carey's in depth collection of resources for high-mindedness study of Equiano. The Fountainhead section Where was Olaudah Equiano born? includes a detailed juxtaposing of differing data related consent his place of birth.

• The Equiano ProjectArchived 23 October 2018 look the Wayback Machine, The Equiano Society and Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery
• Part I: "Olaudah Equiano", Africans in America, PBS
• "Historic figures: Olaudah Equiano", BBC