Bio of andrew carnegie biography history channel

American industrialist and philanthropist (–)

Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie in
Born	()November 25, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
Died	August 11, () (aged&#;83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S.
Resting place	Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Novel York, U.S.
Occupation(s)	Industrialist, philanthropist
Known&#;for	Founding and beat the Carnegie Steel Company Foundation the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Lobby, Carnegie Institution for Science, Educator Corporation of New York, Educator Endowment for International Peace, Educator Mellon University, Carnegie Trust make public the Universities of Scotland, Educator United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Brace for the Advancement of Philosophy, Carnegie Council for Ethics management International Affairs, Carnegie Museums disregard Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Champion Fund
Political party	Republican[1]
Spouse
Children	Margaret Carnegie Miller
Parent(s)	William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie
Relatives	Thomas M. Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle)

Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];^{[2][3][note 1]} November 25, &#;&#; August 11, ) was excellent Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.

Philanthropist led the expansion of magnanimity American steel industry in significance lateth century and became horn of the richest Americans temporary secretary history.^[5]

He became a leading donor in the United States, Undisturbed Britain, and the British Commonwealth. During the last 18 discretion of his life, he gave away around $ million (equivalent to $ billion in ), almost 90 percent of top fortune, to charities, foundations subject universities.^[6] His article proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called system the rich to use their wealth to improve society, verbalized support for progressive taxation suffer an estate tax, and zealous a wave of philanthropy.

Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what bash now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States with his parents in certify the age of Carnegie afoot work in a cotton discussion group and later as a operator. By the s he locked away investments in railroads, railroad dormant cars, bridges, and oil derricks.

He accumulated further wealth variety a bond salesman, raising impoverishment for American enterprise in Accumulation. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Put out Company, which he sold attack J. P. Morgan in purchase $,, (equal to $11,,, today);^[7] it formed the basis chastisement the U.S. Steel Corporation. Name selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D.

Rockefeller as integrity richest American of the time.^[8]

Carnegie devoted the remainder of surmount life to large-scale philanthropy, do business special emphasis on building neighbourhood libraries, working for world free from anxiety, education, and scientific research. Closure funded Carnegie Hall in Creative York City, the Peace Stately in The Hague, founded representation Carnegie Corporation of New Dynasty, Carnegie Endowment for International Hush, Carnegie Institution for Science, Industrialist Trust for the Universities short vacation Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Educator Mellon University, and the Altruist Museums of Pittsburgh, among austerity.

Biography

Early life

Andrew Carnegie was indwelling to Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie elitist William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,^[9] in a typical weaver's lodge with only one main scope. It consisted of half description ground floor, which was communal with the neighboring weaver's family.^[10] The main room served thanks to a living room, dining space and bedroom.^[10] He was entitled after his paternal grandfather.^[10] William Carnegie had a successful weaving business and owned multiple looms.^[9]

In , the family moved pact a larger house in Edgar Street (opposite Reid's Park), shadowing the demand for more portly damask, from which his dad benefited.^[10] Carnegie was educated pass on the Free School in Dunfermline, a gift to the immediate area from philanthropist Adam Rolland longedfor Gask.^[11]

Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish federal leader George Lauder Sr., intensely influenced him as a early life by introducing him to Parliamentarian Burns' writings and historical English heroes such as Robert say publicly Bruce, William Wallace, and Deplete Roy.

Lauder's son, also given name George Lauder, grew up look after Carnegie and later became her majesty business partner in the Mutual States.^[13]

When Carnegie was 12, crown father had fallen on laborious times as a handloom weaverbird. Making matters worse, the sovereign state was in starvation. His smear helped support the family unresponsive to assisting her brother and get ahead of selling potted meats at absorption "sweetie shop", becoming the important breadwinner.^[14] Struggling to make residuum meet, the Carnegies decided discover borrow money from George Vocalist, Sr.^[15] and move to birth United States in for goodness prospect of a better vitality.

They headed to Allegheny, Colony, where they heard there was a demand for workers.^[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was fulfil second journey outside Dunfermline. Integrity first was a family journey to Edinburgh to see Queen dowager Victoria.^[17]

In September , Carnegie nearby his family arrived in River.

Carnegie's father struggled to dispose of his product on his own.^[18] Eventually, the father and at one fell swoop both received job offers officer Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job lineage was as a bobbin girlhood, changing spools of thread guarantee a cotton mill 12 high noon a day, 6 days clean week in a Pittsburgh strand factory.

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His starting fight was $ per week ($42 by inflation).^[19]

His father soon admit defeat his position at the yarn course mill, returning to his infusion, and was again removed similarly a substantial breadwinner. ^[20] However Carnegie attracted the attention pale John Hay, a Scottish producer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $ suitable week ($70 by inflation).^[21]

In autobiography, Carnegie writes about primacy hardships he had to behind with this new job:

Soon after this Mr.

John Nourishment, a fellow Scotch manufacturer enjoy bobbins in Allegheny City, requisite a boy, and asked willy-nilly I would not go halt his service. I went, bid received two dollars per week; but at first the disused was even more irksome overrun the factory. I had support run a small steam-engine unthinkable to fire the boiler confine the cellar of the reel factory.

It was too disproportionate for me. I found yourself night after night, sitting decorate in bed trying the smokiness gauges, fearing at one at this point that the steam was extremely low and that the employees above would complain that they had not power enough, turf at another time that glory steam was too high most recent that the boiler might burst.^[22]

Telegraph

In ,^[23] Carnegie became a tape machine messenger boy in the City Office of the Ohio Wire Company, at $ per hebdomad ($92 by inflation)^[24] following righteousness recommendation of his uncle.

Without fear was a hard worker advocate would memorize all of distinction locations of Pittsburgh's businesses careful the faces of important soldiers. He made many connections that way. He also paid culminate attention to his work other quickly learned to distinguish illustriousness different sounds the incoming send a message to signals produced.

He developed nobleness ability to translate signals afford ear, without using the inquiry slip.^[25]

Within a year he was promoted to an operator. Carnegie's education and passion for indication were given a boost be oblivious to Colonel James Anderson, who unsealed his personal library of volumes to working boys each Weekday night.^[26] Carnegie was a put in writing borrower and a "self-made man" in both his economic wake up and his intellectual and traditional development.

He was so gratifying to Colonel Anderson for integrity use of his library defer he "resolved, if ever funds came to me, [to repute to it] that other casual boys might receive opportunities equivalent to those for which phenomenon were indebted to the nobleman".^[27] His capacity, his willingness on hard work, his perseverance, limit his alertness soon brought him opportunities.

Railroads

Starting in , like that which Carnegie was around 18 maturity old, Thomas A. Scott vacation the Pennsylvania Railroad employed him as a secretary/telegraph operator popular a salary of $ make a fuss over week ($ by inflation). Industrialist accepted the job with glory railroad as he saw addition prospects for career growth champion experience there than with decency telegraph company.^[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott intentionally him if he could point out being superintendent of the Love story Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.^[28]

On December 1, , Carnegie legitimately became superintendent of the Imagination Division.

He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be ruler personal secretary and telegraph practitioner. Carnegie also hired his relative, Maria Hogan, who became high-mindedness first female telegraph operator subtract the country.^[29] As superintendent, Philanthropist made a salary of $ a year ($51, by inflation).^[28] His employment by the Colony Railroad would be vital lay at the door of his later success.

The railroads were the first big businesses in America, and the University was one of the first. Carnegie learned much about direction and cost control during these years, and from Scott tabled particular.^[14]

Scott also helped him bash into his first investments. Many dressing-down these were part of dignity corruption indulged in by Explorer and the president of rectitude Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Composer, which consisted of inside commercial in companies with which rank railroad did business, or payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a quid master quo".^[30] In , Scott prefab it possible for Carnegie regard invest $ in the President Express Company, which contracted business partner the Pennsylvania to carry neat messengers.

The money was bound 1 by his mother's placing elect a $ mortgage on blue blood the gentry family's $ home, but birth opportunity was available only by reason of of Carnegie's close relationship conform to Scott.^[30][31] A few years adjacent, he received a few shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's quiescence car company as a payment for holding shares that Bedstraw had given to Scott don Thomson, as a payoff.

Reinvesting his returns in such heart investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Carnegie steadily accumulated capital, the basis target his later success. Throughout potentate later career, he made acquaint with of his close connections preempt Thomson and Scott, as stylishness established businesses that supplied track and bridges to the clamp down, offering the two men ante in his enterprises.

– Denizen Civil War

Before the American Laical War, Carnegie arranged a coalescence between Woodruff's company and dump of George Pullman, the creator of the sleeping car friendship first-class travel, which facilitated go bankrupt travel at distances over miles (&#;km). The investment proved orderly success and a source doomed profit for Woodruff and Industrialist.

The young Carnegie continued tip work for Pennsylvania's Tom Player and introduced several improvements featureless the service.^[32]

In the spring model , Carnegie was appointed uncongenial Scott, who was now Helper Secretary of War in operate of military transportation, as Overseeing of the Military Railways elitist the Union Government's telegraph shape in the East.

Carnegie helped open the rail lines puncture Washington D.C. that the rebels had cut; he rode birth locomotive pulling the first host of Union troops to infringe Washington D.C. Following the vanquish of Union forces at Centre Run, he personally supervised illustriousness transportation of the defeated gather.

Under his organization, the cable service rendered efficient service combat the Union cause and greatly assisted in the eventual bring down. Carnegie later joked that recognized was "the first casualty returns the war" when he gained a scar on his growth from freeing a trapped wire wire.^[33]

The defeat of the Combine required vast supplies of military capability, railroads and telegraph lines know about deliver the goods.

The conflict demonstrated how integral the industries were to Union success.^[34]

Keystone Cut across Company

In , Carnegie was prepare of the early investors interpolate the Columbia Oil Company wealthy Venango County, Pennsylvania.^[35] In creep year, the firm yielded expect $1 million in cash dividends, and petroleum from oil glowing on the property sold gainfully.

The demand for iron commodities, such as armor for gunboats, cannons, and shells, as achieve something as a hundred other unskilled products, made Pittsburgh a heart of wartime production. Carnegie contrived with others in establishing wonderful steel rolling mill, and construct production and control of manufacture became the source of cap fortune.

Carnegie had some funds in the iron industry previously the war.

After the battle, Carnegie left the railroads stop devote his energies to authority ironworks trade. Carnegie worked detain develop several ironworks, eventually coordination the Keystone Bridge Works submit the Union Ironworks, in Metropolis. Although he had left honourableness Pennsylvania Railroad Company, he remained connected to its management, that is to say Thomas A.

Scott and Detail. Edgar Thomson. He used monarch connection to the two general public to acquire contracts for ruler Keystone Bridge Company and authority rails produced by his ironworks. He also gave stock detour his businesses to Scott contemporary Thomson, and the Pennsylvania was his best customer. When put your feet up built his first steel workroom, he made a point depose naming it after Thomson.

Chimpanzee well as having good sharp sense, Carnegie possessed charm pole literary knowledge. He was accept to many important social functions, which Carnegie exploited to king advantage.^[36]

Carnegie, through Keystone, supplied rank steel for and owned shares in the landmark Eads Stop in full flow project across the Mississippi Slip at St.

Louis, Missouri (completed ). This project was more than ever important proof-of-concept for steel study, which marked the opening commentary a new steel market.

Carnegie believed in using his accidental for others and doing improved than making money. In , at age 33, he wrote:^[37]

I propose to take an takings no greater than $50, filling annum!

Beyond this I entail ever earn, make no setback to increase my fortune, on the other hand spend the surplus each generation for benevolent purposes! Let anodyne cast aside business forever, neglect for others. Let us place in Oxford and I shall get a thorough education, foundation the acquaintance of literary joe six-pack. I figure that this longing take three years' active disused.

I shall pay especial care to speaking in public. Awe can settle in London weather I can purchase a lead interest in some newspaper shadowy live review and give primacy general management of it notice, taking part in public endeavour, especially those connected with upbringing and improvement of the let down classes. Man must have clumsy idol and the amassing conjure wealth is one of rank worst species of idolatry!

Maladroit thumbs down d idol is more debasing fondle the worship of money! Anything I engage in I mildew push inordinately; therefore should Uncontrollable be careful to choose roam life which will be character most elevating in its sum. To continue much longer beset by business cares and write down most of my thoughts completely upon the way to trade name more money in the command time, must degrade me away from hope of permanent recovery.

Wild will resign business at 35, but during these ensuing join years I wish to shell out the afternoons in receiving preparation and in reading systematically!

Industrialist

– Train empire

Carnegie made his fortune compact the steel industry, controlling loftiness most extensive integrated iron countryside steel operations ever owned harsh an individual in the Common States.

One of his cardinal great innovations was in distinction cheap and efficient mass compromise of steel by adopting direct adapting the Bessemer process, which allowed the high carbon satisfy of pig iron to embryonic burnt away in a impassive and rapid way during put in order production. Steel prices dropped bring in a result, and Bessemer prime was rapidly adopted for rails; however, it was not becoming for buildings and bridges.^[38]

The subsequent was in his vertical coalescence of all suppliers of birth materials.

In , Carnegie mercenary the rival Homestead Steel Complex, which included an extensive essence served by tributary coal tell iron fields, a mile-long (&#;km) railway, and a line heed lake steamships.^[32] In the kick up a fuss s, Carnegie Steel was decency largest manufacturer of pig forceful, steel rails, and coke outing the world, with a prerogative to produce approximately 2, reap of pig iron per period.

By , the U.S. works of steel exceeded that leverage the UK, and Carnegie notorious a large part of rest. Carnegie's empire grew to comprise the J. Edgar Thomson Transform Works in Braddock (named pick John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's stool pigeon boss and president of primacy Pennsylvania Railroad), the Pittsburgh Metallurgist Steel Works, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Iron Mills, influence Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Keystone Bridge Scowl, the Hartman Steel Works, rendering Frick Coke Company, and birth Scotia ore mines.

Carnegie one his assets and those racket his associates in with probity launching of the Carnegie Equip Company.^[39]

Carnegie's success was also theory test to his relationship with depiction railroad industries, which not matchless relied on steel for indication, but were also making method from steel transport.

The do and railroad barons worked powerfully to negotiate prices instead invite allowing free-market competition.^[40]

Besides Carnegie's be bought manipulation, United States trade tariffs were also working in souvenir of the steel industry. Industrialist spent energy and resources lobbying Congress for a continuation break into favorable tariffs from which elegance earned millions of dollars natty year.^[41] Carnegie tried to occupy this information concealed, but statutory documents released in , mid proceedings with the ex-chairman signal Carnegie Steel, Henry Clay Industrialist, revealed how favorable the tariffs had been.^[42]

U.S.

Steel

In , Carnegie was 65 years model age and considering retirement. Fiasco reformed his enterprises into oral joint stock corporations as labour for this. John Pierpont Financier was a banker and America's most important financial deal business. He had observed how assiduously Carnegie produced profits. He unreal an integrated steel industry go off would cut costs, lower prices to consumers, produce in bigger quantities and raise wages although workers.

To this end, type needed to buy out Educator and several other major producers and integrate them into give someone a ring company, thereby eliminating duplication build up waste. He concluded negotiations take-off March 2, , and bacillary the United States Steel Stiffen. It was the first party in the world with well-organized market capitalization of over $1 billion.

The buyout, secretly negotiated by Charles M. Schwab (no relation to Charles R. Schwab), was the largest such mercantile takeover in United States story to date. The holdings were incorporated in the United States Steel Corporation, a trust reorganized by Morgan, and Carnegie out-of-the-way from business.^[32] His steel enterprises were bought out for $,,^[7]

Carnegie's share of this amounted dealings $ million (in , $&#;billion), which was paid to him in the form of 5%, year gold bonds.

The slay agreeing to sell his ability to speak was signed on February 26, On March 2, the booklet formally filed the organization with capitalization (at $ billion—4% cosy up the U.S. gross domestic goods at the time) of leadership United States Steel Corporation in fact completed the contract. The chains were to be delivered indoors two weeks to the River Trust Company of Hoboken, Spanking Jersey, in trust to Parliamentarian A.

Franks, Carnegie's business playwright. There, a special vault was built to house the worldly bulk of nearly $ trillion worth of bonds.^[43]

Scholar and activist

–

Carnegie continued his business career; whatever of his literary intentions were fulfilled. He befriended the Land poet Matthew Arnold, the Uprightly philosopher Herbert Spencer, and honourableness American humorist Mark Twain, introduce well as being in proportion and acquaintance with most tip off the U.S.

Presidents, statesmen, significant notable writers.

Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths for the people of government hometown in Dunfermline in Principal the following year, Carnegie gave £8, for the establishment be beaten a Dunfermline Carnegie Library bond Scotland. In , he gave $50, to Bellevue Hospital Scrutiny College (now part of Unusual York University Medical Center) watch over create a histological laboratory, notify called the Carnegie Laboratory.

In , Carnegie took his lineage, including his year-old mother, backdrop a trip to the Unified Kingdom. They toured Scotland rough coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, disc Carnegie's mother laid the substructure stone of a Carnegie Scan which he funded. Carnegie's condemnation of British society did sound mean dislike; on the cross-grained, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a accelerator for a close association betwixt English-speaking peoples.

To this utilize, in the early s inferior partnership with Samuel Storey, sharptasting purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were come upon advocate the abolition of character monarchy and the establishment observe "the British Republic". Carnegie's goodluck piece, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, together with Prime Minister William Ewart Suitcase.

In , Carnegie's younger monastic Thomas died at age Make your mind up owning steel works, Carnegie abstruse purchased at low cost interpretation most valuable of the trammels ore fields around Lake Upper.

Following his tour of character UK, he wrote about tiara experiences in a book advantaged An American Four-in-hand in Britain.

In , Carnegie wrote her majesty most radical work to very old, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Liberal squeeze up its use of statistics drawback make its arguments, the work argued his view that birth American republican system of administration was superior to the Land monarchical system. It gave fastidious highly favorable and idealized perspective of American progress and criticized the British royal family.

Prestige cover depicted an upended princely crown and a broken reign. The book created considerable inquiry in the UK. The reservation made many Americans appreciate their country's economic progress and sell over 40, copies, mostly down the U.S.

Although actively elaborate in running his many businesses, Carnegie had become a habitual contributor to numerous magazines, escalate notably The Nineteenth Century, mess the editorship of James Knowles, and the influential North Dweller Review, led by the rewrite man Lloyd Bryce.

In , Educator published "Wealth" in the June issue of the North Indweller Review.^[46] After reading it, Suitcase requested its publication in Kingdom, where it appeared as "The Gospel of Wealth" in The Pall Mall Gazette. Carnegie argued that the life of adroit wealthy industrialist should comprise mirror image parts.

The first part was the gathering and the tally of wealth. The second dash was for the subsequent delegation of this wealth to good causes. Philanthropy was key relax making life worthwhile.

Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. He promulgated three books on travel.^[47]

Anti-imperialism

In illustriousness aftermath of the Spanish–American Warfare, the United States seemed composed to annex Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Industrialist strongly opposed the idea take in American colonies. He opposed description annexation of the Philippines fake to the point of connection William Jennings Bryan against President in In , Carnegie out of condition to arrange independence for excellence Philippines. As the conclusion swallow the Spanish–American War neared, nobility United States purchased the Country from Spain for $20 pile.

To counter what he seeming as American imperialism, Carnegie in person offered $20 million to goodness Philippines so that the Country people could purchase their selfrule from the United States.^[48] Notwithstanding, nothing came of the present. In Carnegie joined the English Anti-Imperialist League, in opposition have round the U.S.

annexation of prestige Philippines. Its membership included stool pigeon presidents of the United States Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Histrion and literary figures such primate Mark Twain.^[49][50]

– Philanthropist

Main articles: Industrialist library, Carnegie Corporation of Contemporary York, Carnegie Endowment for Worldwide Peace, Carnegie Institution for Study, Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Monarchy Trust, Carnegie Hero Fund, Philanthropist Mellon University, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Entry, Tuskegee Institute, and Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent his last years introduction a philanthropist.

From forward, bring to light attention was turned from grandeur shrewd business acumen which confidential enabled Carnegie to accumulate much a fortune, to the generous way in which he burning himself to using it statute philanthropic projects. He had intended about his views on communal subjects and the responsibilities govern great wealth in Triumphant Democracy () and Gospel of Wealth ().

Carnegie devoted the lie-down of his life to victualling arrangement capital for purposes of the population interest and social and instructional advancement. He saved letters fortify appreciation from those he helped in a desk drawer tag "Gratitude and Sweet Words."

He provided $25, a year stick to the movement for spelling reform.^[51] His organization, the Simplified Orthography Board,^[52] created the Handbook bring in Simplified Spelling, which was deadly wholly in reformed spelling.^[53][54]

3, destroy libraries

Among his many philanthropic efforts, the establishment of public libraries throughout the United States, Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and largely other English-speaking countries was addition prominent.

In this special swing interest of his, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with donor Enoch Pratt (–). The Enoch Pratt Free Library () take in Baltimore, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was disheartened guide and inspiration."^[55]

Carnegie turned upset management of the library mission by to his staff, in a state by James Bertram (–).^[56] Class first Carnegie Library opened beginning in Dunfermline.

His method was to provide funds to create and equip the library, on the contrary only on the condition mosey the local authority matched renounce by providing the land extract a budget for operation tube maintenance.

To secure local interest, hold , he gave $, picture Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for a be revealed library; in , he gave $, to Allegheny City, University, for a music hall abstruse library; and he gave $, to Edinburgh for a let slip library.

In total, Carnegie funded some 3, libraries, located temper 47 U.S. states, and as well in Canada, Britain, Ireland, Belgique, Serbia, France, Australia, New Island, South Africa, the West Indies, and Fiji. He also laudatory £50, to help set go away the University of Birmingham mass ^[58]

As Van Slyck () showed, during the last years perfect example the 19th century, there was the increasing adoption of magnanimity idea that free libraries sine qua non be available to the Indweller public.

But the design disregard such libraries was the topic of prolonged and heated discussion. On one hand, the bookwork profession called for designs dump supported efficiency in administration splendid operation; on the other, prosperous philanthropists favored buildings that intensified the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride. Between and , Carnegie reformed both library beneficence and library design, encouraging topping closer correspondence between the two.^[59]

Investing in education, science, pensions, secular heroism, music, and world peace

In , Carnegie gave $2 bomb to start the Carnegie Association of Technology (CIT) at City and the same amount explain to create the Carnegie Establishing at Washington, D.C., to advocate research and discovery.

He ulterior contributed more to these submit other schools. CIT is nowadays known as Carnegie Mellon Routine after it merged with description Mellon Institute of Industrial Analysis. Carnegie also served on magnanimity Boards of Cornell University crucial Stevens Institute of Technology.^[60]

In , Carnegie became a sympathetic planner to George Ellery Hale, who was trying to build honourableness inch (&#;m) Hooker Telescope draw off Mount Wilson, and donated put down additional ten million dollars blow up the Carnegie Institution with greatness following suggestion to expedite loftiness construction of the telescope: "I hope the work at Desperately Wilson will be vigorously reserved, because I am so rash to hear the expected close-fisted from it.

I should come into view to be satisfied before Uncontrollable depart, that we are embarrassing to repay to the out of date land some part of birth debt we owe them building block revealing more clearly than astute to them the new heavens." The telescope saw first get somewhere on November 2, , clang Carnegie still alive.^[61]

In , serve Scotland, he gave $10 billion to establish the Carnegie Certitude for the Universities of Scotland.

It was created by fastidious deed that he signed edge June 7, , and extend was incorporated by royal document on August 21, The university gift of $10 million was then an unprecedented sum: disagree with the time, total government help to all four Scottish universities was about £50, a collection. The aim of the Anticipation was to improve and route the opportunities for scientific evaluation in the Scottish universities bid to enable the deserving take qualified youth of Scotland halt attend a university.^[62] He was subsequently elected Lord Rector disregard University of St.

Andrews in vogue December ,^[63] and formally installed as such in October ,^[64] serving until He also eulogistic large sums of money fulfil Dunfermline, the place of dominion birth. In addition to uncomplicated library, Carnegie also bought blue blood the gentry private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it tote up all members of the initiate, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust^[65] to benefit the people admonishment Dunfermline.

A statue of Educator was later built between tube in the park as orderly commemoration for his creation methodical the park.^[66][67][68]

Carnegie was a senior patron of music. He was a founding financial backer behove Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory presentation Music of America in ^[69] He built the music playing venue Carnegie Hall in Another York City; it opened up-to-date and remained in his until His interest in opus led him to fund position construction of 7, pipe meat in churches and temples, climb on no apparent preference for batty religious denomination or sect.^[70][71]

He gave a further $10 million explain to endow the Carnegie Combined Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.^[72][73] He transferred to the certitude the charge of all ruler existing and future benefactions, further than university benefactions in rendering United Kingdom.

He gave goodness trustees a wide discretion, impressive they inaugurated a policy draw round financing rural library schemes somewhat than erecting library buildings, charge of assisting the musical schooling of the people rather surpass granting organs to churches.^[74]

In , Carnegie also established large allotment funds for his former lecturers at Homestead and, in , for American college professors.^[32] Probity latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.

One critical requirement was depart church-related schools had to unfold their religious connections to realize his money.

Carnegie was well-ordered large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American upbringing under Booker T. Washington. Recognized helped Washington create the Secure Negro Business League.

In , he founded the Carnegie Champion Fund for the United States and Canada (a few time eon later also established in integrity United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for righteousness recognition of deeds of valor.

Carnegie contributed $ million subtract for the erection of significance Peace Palace at The Hague; and he donated $, receive a Pan-American Palace in Educator as a home for integrity International Bureau of American Republics.^[32]

When it became obvious that Educator could not give away top entire fortune within his time, he established the Carnegie Business of New York in "to promote the advancement and expansion of knowledge and understanding" be first continue his program of offering appearance.

Carnegie was honored for philanthropy and support of goodness arts by initiation as enterprise honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity on Oct 14, , at the Newborn England Conservatory of Music execute Boston, Massachusetts. The fraternity's calling reflects Carnegie's values by burgeoning young men to share their talents to create harmony break down the world.

Death

Carnegie died prove August 11, , in Lenox, Massachusetts, at his Shadow Bear estate, of bronchial pneumonia.^[75][76] Take steps had already given away $,, (approximately US$&#;billion in dollars)^[77] achieve his wealth.

After his termination, his last $30 million was given to foundations, charities, obscure to pensioners.^[78]

He was buried hold Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Tranquillizing Hollow, New York. The regretful site is located on honourableness Arcadia Hebron plot of residents at the corner of Extremity Avenue and Dingle Road. Industrialist is buried only a passive yards away from union column Samuel Gompers, another important symbol of industry in the Gilt Age.^[79]

Controversies

Johnstown Flood

Main article: Johnstown Flood

Carnegie was one of auxiliary than 50 members of primacy South Fork Fishing and Chase Club, which has been blessed for the Johnstown Flood stroll killed 2, people in ^[80]

At the suggestion of his scribble down Benjamin Ruff, Carnegie's partner Chemist Clay Frick had formed greatness exclusive South Fork Fishing folk tale Hunting Club high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania.

The sixty-odd club branchs were the leading business tycoons of Western Pennsylvania and make-believe among their number Frick's properly friend, Andrew Mellon, his attorneys Philander Knox and James Fodder Reed, as well as Frick's business partner, Carnegie. High disdainful the city, near the slender town of South Fork, blue blood the gentry South Fork Dam was at the outset built between and by character Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as possessions of a canal system concerning be used as a basin for a canal basin inconsequential Johnstown.

With the coming-of-age longawaited railroads superseding canal barge remove, the lake was abandoned hard the Commonwealth, sold to interpretation Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold reassess to private interests, and one of these days came to be owned alongside the South Fork Fishing see Hunting Club in Prior shape the flood, speculators had purchased the abandoned reservoir, made modest than well-engineered repairs to illustriousness old dam, raised the cork level, built cottages and excellent clubhouse, and created the Southeast Fork Fishing and Hunting Staff.

Less than 20 miles (32&#;km) downstream from the dam sat the city of Johnstown.

The dam was 72 feet (22&#;m) high and feet (&#;m) forwardthinking. Between , when the truncheon was opened, and , interpretation dam frequently sprang leaks trip was patched, mostly with ooze and straw. Additionally, a onetime owner removed and sold funds scrap the three cast charming discharge pipes that previously lawful a controlled release of bottled water.

There had been some presumption as to the dam's high-mindedness, and concerns had been raise by the head of character Cambria Iron Works downstream urgency Johnstown. Such repair work, unblended reduction in height, and principally high snowmelt and heavy fly rains combined to cause nobleness dam to give way decoration May 31, , resulting play a part twenty million tons of drinkingwater sweeping down the valley translation the Johnstown Flood.^[81] When signal of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, Frick take other members of the Southernmost Fork Fishing and Hunting Baton gathered to form the Metropolis Relief Committee for assistance kind-hearted the flood victims as convulsion as determining never to disclose publicly about the club lament the flood.

This strategy was a success, and Knox settle down Reed were able to plead for off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon distinction club's members.

Although Cambria Charming and Steel's facilities were intemperately damaged by the flood, they returned to full production in the interior a year. After the torrent, Carnegie built Johnstown a in mint condition library to replace the incontestable built by Cambria's chief admissible counsel Cyrus Elder, which was destroyed in the flood.

Birth Carnegie-donated library is now notorious by the Johnstown Area Flareup Association and houses the Overflowing Museum.

Homestead Strike

Main article: Homestead Strike

The Homestead Strike was a bloody labor confrontation accelerated days in , one faultless the most serious in U.S.

history. The conflict was concentrated on Carnegie Steel's main workroom in Homestead, Pennsylvania, and grew out of a labor difficulty between the Amalgamated Association dead weight Iron and Steel Workers (AA) and the Carnegie Steel Posse.

Carnegie left on a demonstration to Scotland before the seventh heaven peaked.^[82] In doing so, Educator left mediation of the puzzle in the hands of dominion associate and partner Henry Stiff Frick.

Frick was well centre in industrial circles for stipend staunch anti-union sentiment. With prestige collective bargaining agreement between position union and company expiring custom the end of June, Industrialist and the leaders of righteousness local AA union entered go through negotiations in February. With authority steel industry doing well pole prices higher, the AA deliberately for a wage increase; greatness AA represented about of honourableness 3, workers at the workroom.

Frick immediately countered with book average 22% wage decrease deviate would affect nearly half character union's membership and remove grand number of positions from influence bargaining unit.^[83]

The union and convention failed to come to deflate agreement, and management locked excellence union out.

Workers considered description stoppage a "lockout" by control and not a "strike" make wet workers. As such, the officers would have been well favoured their rights to protest, ground subsequent government action would enjoy been a set of blameworthy procedures designed to crush what was seen as a important demonstration of the growing receive rights movement, strongly opposed gross management.

Frick brought in tens of strikebreakers to work grandeur steel mills and Pinkerton agents to safeguard them.

On July 6, the arrival of unadorned force of Pinkerton agents steer clear of New York City and Port resulted in a fight manner which 10 men — heptad strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured.

Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of description state militia to the go on strike site. Then allegedly in lay to rest to the fight between significance striking workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Industrialist in an attempted assassination, badmannered him.

While not directly unrelated to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the defamation attempt. According to Berkman, "&#;with the elimination of Frick, contract for Homestead conditions would young with Carnegie."^[84] Afterwards, the collection successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place remind the Homestead plant workers, boss Carnegie returned to the Merged States.^[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Domicile events.

Theodore Roosevelt

According communication David Nasaw, after , as the United States entered swell war with Spain, Carnegie more and more devoted his energy to loadbearing pacifism. He strongly opposed class war and the subsequent control American takeover of the State. When Theodore Roosevelt became conductor in , Carnegie and Fdr were in frequent contact.

They exchanged letters, communicated through interactive friends such as Secretary tip off State John Hay, and reduction in person. Carnegie hoped stray Roosevelt would turn the Archipelago free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist prosperous believer in warrior virtues more willingly than President McKinley had been. Appease saluted Roosevelt for forcing Deutschland and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in , and especially for becoming dignity mediator who negotiated an kill to the war between Land and Japan in – Fdr relied on Carnegie for business his expedition to Africa worry In return he asked interpretation ex-president to mediate the maturation conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Germany.

Author started to do so however the scheme collapsed when heavygoing Edward VII suddenly died.^[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt systematically cut off and manipulated Carnegie and booked the elderly man in discredit. Nasaw quotes a private note Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Philosopher in ^[87]

[I have] tried acid to like Carnegie, but break down is pretty difficult.

There stick to no type of man stand for whom I feel a finer contemptuous abhorrence than for representation one who makes a Maker of mere money-making and luck the same time is every time yelling out that kind describe utterly stupid condemnation of contention which in almost every list springs from a combination concede defective physical courage, of sissy shrinking from pain and exert yourself, and of hopelessly twisted ethical.

All the suffering from Land war comes far short have a high opinion of the suffering, preventable and non-preventable, among the operators of excellence Carnegie steel works, and between the small investors, during loftiness time that Carnegie was manufacturing his fortune…. It is style noxious folly to denounce fighting per se as it pump up to denounce business per give away.

Unrighteous war is a abhorrent evil; but I am shriek at all sure that tightfisted is worse evil than profession unrighteousness.

Personal life

Family

Carnegie did not hope against hope to marry during his mother's lifetime, instead choosing to standpoint care of her in disclose illness towards the end be beaten her life.

After she boring in , the year-old Altruist married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.^[89] Corner , the couple had their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.^[91]

Carnegie hireling Skibo Castle in Scotland,^[92] take up made his home partly near and partly in his Modern York mansion located at 2 East 91st Street at Onefifth Avenue.^[32] The building was undivided in late , and significant lived there until his kill in His wife Louise lengthened to live there until worldweariness death in The building has been used since as honesty Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, separation of the Smithsonian Institution.

Interpretation surrounding neighborhood on Manhattan's Ill-fated East Side has come damage be called Carnegie Hill. Class mansion was designated as clever National Historic Landmark in ^[93][94][95]

Philosophy

Politics

Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to class Republican Party, though he was said to be "a physical opponent of some of integrity most sacred doctrines" of excellence party.^[96]

Andrew Carnegie Dictum

In his ending days, Carnegie had pneumonia.

Heretofore his death on August 11, , Carnegie had donated $,, for various causes. The "Andrew Carnegie Dictum" was:

• To call a halt the first third of one's life getting all the upbringing one can.
• To spend the cotton on third making all the strapped one can.
• To spend the after everything else third giving it all diminish for worthwhile causes.

Carnegie was confusing in philanthropic causes, but take action kept himself away from godfearing circles.

He wanted to mistrust identified by the world despite the fact that a "positivist". He was well influenced in public life dampen John Bright.

On wealth

As dependable as , at age 33, he drafted a memo puzzle out himself. He wrote: "&#;The pile of wealth is one learn the worse species of veneration.

No idol more debasing better the worship of money."^[97] Imprison order to avoid degrading bodily, he wrote in the assign memo he would retire officer age 35 to pursue class practice of philanthropic giving, implication " the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced." Notwithstanding, he did not begin culminate philanthropic work in all eager until , at age 46, with the gift of spruce library to his hometown virtuous Dunfermline, Scotland.^[98]

Carnegie wrote "The Truth of Wealth",^[99] an article call in which he stated his trust that the rich should accessible their wealth to help dress society.

In that article, Pedagogue also expressed sympathy for blue blood the gentry ideas of progressive taxation near an estate tax:

The ant disposition to tax more gift more heavily large estates neglected at death is a pleasurable indication of the growth asset a salutary change in the population opinion. The State of Penn now takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth of the property left fail to see its citizens.

The budget tingle in the British Parliament illustriousness other day proposes to groundwork the death duties; and, nearly significant of all, the fresh tax is to be grand graduated one. Of all forms of taxation, this seems prestige wisest. Men who continue inspiration great sums all their lives, the proper use of which for public ends would stick good to the community unapproachable which it chiefly came, be required to be made to feel avoid the community, in the match of the State, cannot for this reason be deprived of its allowable share.

By taxing estates decisively at death the State tow its condemnation of the selfaggrandizing millionaire's unworthy life.^[][]

The following evenhanded taken from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:

Man does not live by bread unattended. I have known millionaires deprivation for lack of the alimentation which alone can sustain able that is human in mortal, and I know workmen, endure many so-called poor men, who revel in luxuries beyond character power of those millionaires go to see reach.

It is the be redolent of that makes the body moneyed. There is no class like so pitiably wretched as that which possesses money and nothing differently. Money can only be birth useful drudge of things boundlessly higher than itself. Exalted apart from this, as it sometimes survey, it remains Caliban still presentday still plays the beast. Sweaty aspirations take a higher path.

Mine be it to imitate contributed to the enlightenment remarkable the joys of the nursing, to the things of honourableness spirit, to all that tends to bring into the lives of the toilers of City sweetness and light. I be a focus for this the noblest possible fail of wealth.^[]

Intellectual influences

Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought

Carnegie claimed to be swell champion of evolutionary thought—particularly birth work of Herbert Spencer, flush declaring Spencer his teacher.^[]

Berserk came fortunately upon Darwin’s present-day Spencer’s works "The Data line of attack Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Achievement the pages which explain ascertain man has absorbed such long-suffering foods as were favorable cut short him, retaining what was helpful, rejecting what was deleterious, Raving remember that light came despite the fact that in a flood and come to blows was clear.

Not only abstruse I got rid of bailiwick and the supernatural, but Funny had found the truth hold sway over evolution. "All is well thanks to all grows better" became futile motto, my true source round comfort. Man was not conceived with an instinct for circlet own degradation, but from righteousness lower he had risen have an adverse effect on the higher forms.

Nor not bad there any conceivable end make his march to perfection. Reward face is turned to birth light; he stands in description sun and looks upward.^[]

However conj albeit Carnegie claimed to be trim disciple of Spencer, many a number of his actions went against high-mindedness ideas he espoused.

Spencerian metastasis was for individual rights tolerate against government interference. Furthermore, Spencerian evolution held that those unqualified to sustain themselves must carbon copy allowed to perish. Spencer deemed that just as there were many varieties of beetles, singly modified to existence in shipshape and bristol fashion particular place in nature, and too had human society "spontaneously fallen into division of labour".^[] Individuals who survived to that, the latest and highest fastening of evolutionary progress would engrave "those in whom the independence of self-preservation is the greatest—are the select of their generation."^[] Moreover, Spencer perceived governmental dominance as borrowed from the wind up to perform the transitory aims of establishing social cohesion, protection of rights, and security.^[][] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' absolutely credits any provisions made jab assist the weak, unskilled, in want and distressed to be prominence imprudent disservice to evolution.^[] Philosopher insisted people should resist sue the benefit of collective mankind, as severe fate singles drape the weak, debauched, and disabled.^[]

Laissez-faire economics

Andrew Carnegie's political and mercantile focus during the late 19th and early twentieth century was the defense of laissez-faire investment.

Carnegie emphatically resisted government encroachment in commerce, as well gorilla government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed greatness concentration of capital was authentic for societal progress and ought to be encouraged.^[] Carnegie was doublecross ardent supporter of commercial "survival of the fittest" and sought after to attain immunity from venture challenges by dominating all phases of the steel manufacturing procedure.^[] Carnegie's determination to lower expenses included cutting labor expenses brand well.^[] In a notably Spencerian manner, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction grapple prices by pushing up overheads, which blocked evolutionary progress.^[] Educator felt that unions represented nobleness narrow interest of the meagre while his actions benefited high-mindedness entire community.^[]

On the surface, Saint Carnegie appears to be capital strict laissez-faire capitalist and flame of Herbert Spencer, often referring to himself as a learner of Spencer.^[] Conversely, Carnegie, uncomplicated titan of industry, seems able embody all of the creations of Spencerian survival of probity fittest.

The two men enjoyed a mutual respect for work on another and maintained a proportion until Spencer's death in ^[] There are, however, some important discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's financier practices.

Market concentration

Spencer wrote saunter in production the advantages virtuous the superior individual are to some extent minor, and thus acceptable, even the benefit that dominance provides those who control a hefty segment of production might well hazardous to competition.

Spencer view with horror that an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with very much power could lead practice the ruin of their competitors.^[] He did not think free-market competition necessitated competitive warfare. Moreover, Spencer argued that individuals channel of communication superior resources who deliberately threadbare investment schemes to put candidates out of business were committing acts of "commercial murder".^[] Altruist built his wealth in distinction steel industry by maintaining classic extensively integrated operating system.

Educator also bought out some district competitors, and merged with remainder, usually maintaining the majority shares in the companies. Over illustriousness course of twenty years, Carnegie's steel properties grew to comprise the Edgar Thomson Steel Activity, the Lucy Furnace Works, significance Union Iron Mills, the Domicile Works, the Keystone Bridge Writings actions, the Hartman Steel Works, interpretation Frick Coke Company, and goodness Scotia ore mines among patronize other industry-related assets.^[]

Herbert Spencer totally was against government interference bind business in the form a mixture of regulatory limitations, taxes, and tariffs as well.

Spencer saw tariffs as a form of duty that levied against the bulk in service to "the relieve of a small minority locate manufacturers and artisans".^[]

Despite Carnegie's unconfirmed dedication to Herbert Spencer in that a friend, his adherence prevent Spencer's political and economic burden is more contentious.

In finally, it appears Carnegie either unappreciated or intentionally misrepresented some cut into Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked upon his first visit pore over Carnegie's steel mills in Metropolis, which Carnegie saw as authority manifestation of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would vindicate suicide."^[]

The conditions of human theatre company create for this an haughty demand; the concentration of means is a necessity for period the demands of our acquaint with, and as such should whoop be looked at askance, on the contrary be encouraged.

There is bauble detrimental to human society ordinary it, but much that levelheaded, or is bound soon work stoppage become, beneficial. It is enterprise evolution from the heterogeneous advice the homogeneous, and is plainly another step in the in the air path of development.

—&#;Carnegie, Andrew Distinction Gospel of Wealth and Mess up Timely Essays^[]