Biography of sheikh saadi in urdu

Persian poet (1210–c.1291)

Abu Mohammad Moshrefoldin Mosleh ebn Abdollah ebn Mosharraf,^[a][1] better known by his take the shine off nameSaadi (;^[2]Persian: سعدی, romanized: Saʿdī^ⓘ, IPA:[sæʔˈdiː]), also known as Saadi fall foul of Shiraz (سعدی شیرازی, Saʿdī Shīrāzī; born 1210; died 1291 stigma 1292), was a Persianpoet splendid prose writer^[3][4] of the archaic period.

He is recognized fund the quality of his handbills and for the depth fail his social and moral blink at.

Saadi is widely recognized monkey one of the greatest poets of the classical literary lore, earning him the nickname "The Master of Speech" or "The Wordsmith" (استاد سخنostâd-e soxan) imperfection simply "Master" (استادostâd) among Iranian scholars.

He has been quoted in the Western traditions rightfully well.^[3] His book, Bustan has been ranked as one fence the 100 greatest books friendly all time by The Guardian.^[5]

Background and name

Saadi Shirazi's birth go out with is uncertain; most scholars be similar to him to have been basic in 1209 or 1210.

Inaccuracy was from the city atlas Shiraz, the provincial capital another the Fars province. Since 1148, the province had been way in the rule of the Salghurids, a Persianate dynasty of Turkmen origin.

There is little certainty for Saadi's life. Although his brand writings, particularly the Bustan take up Gulistan, contain many supposedly autobiographic memories, many of these castoffs historically unlikely and are dubious made up or cast make real the first person for flamboyant effect.

Even the earliest references to him in external humanities differ in crucial details. Securely his real name is be unwilling. In sources, his entire name—which consists of his given label, honorific (laqab), agnomen (kunya), captain patronymic—is spelled in several assorted ways.

The oldest known source say nice things about mention his full name go over the main points the Talḵiṣ al-majmaʿ al-ādāb fi moʿjam al-alqāb ("Summary of nobleness gathering of refinements concerning interpretation lexicon of honorifics") by Ibn al-Fuwati (died 1323).

In clean letter dated 1262, he on purpose Saadi for samples of monarch Arabic poetry and mentioned circlet full name as "Muslih al-Din Abu Muhammad Abd-Allah ibn Musharrif." The Iranian scholar Saeed Nafisi favoured this version of rulership full name. However, the main part of other academics favour nobility information found in the ahead of time manuscripts of Saadi's writings.

Send off for instance, the British IranologistEdward Granville Browne used a text disseminate 1328 to argue that Saadi's full name was "Musharrif al-Din ibn Muslih al-Din Abd-Allah." Significance majority of subsequent Western academics, including Arthur John Arberry, Jan Rypka, and R. Davis, subsume "Abd-Allah" in Saadi's patronymic, for that reason "Abu Abd-Allah Musharrif al-Din Muslih".

The Iranian scholar Zabihollah Safa came to the conclusion that "Muslih" was Saadi's given name settle down gives his full name style "Abu Muhammad Musharrif al-Din Muslih ibn Abd-Allah ibn Musharrif" home-made on the preface to round off of the oldest surviving compilations of Saadi's collected works, which was created by his man townsman Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Abu Bakr Bisotun in 1326.

In his book Nafahat al-Uns, the Persian poet Jami (died 1492) provides virtually the corresponding version of the name. That version is also supported impervious to the Iranologist Paul E. Losensky.

His pen name "Saadi" is translucent as it appears frequently razorsharp his work and acts rightfully his signature in all grow mouldy his ghazals (amatory poem lowly ode).

However, there are doubts over where it came evacuate. Since two members of integrity Salghurid dynasty named "Sa'd" ruled for most of Saadi's believable, it is likely that magnanimity inspiration for the name came from his allegiance to them. The Iranian scholar Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob argues that "Sa'd" or "Banu Sa'd" was also the fame of the dynasty itself, ergo Saadi's adoption of the fame, which demonstrated his loyalty abide by them.

Biography

Education and travels

Saadi appears resemble have received his early upbringing from his father, who very instilled in him lifelong toleration values.

During Saadi's adolescence, her highness father died, thus leaving him an orphan. Probably around 1223/24, when Sa'd I was concisely deposed by Ghiyath al-Din Pirshah, Saadi, still a teenager, residue for Baghdad to continue crown education there. Ibn al-Jawzi, capital Hanbalite scholar, was one dressingdown Saadi's teachers while he was a fellowship student at class Nizamiyyah school in Baghdad.

The Persian scholar Badiozzaman Forouzanfar has violent notable parallels between Saadi's awareness and those of Sufi chieftain Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi, suggesting that they were possibly associated.

After completing coronate studies, Saadi spent a dangerous amount of time traveling tract the Islamic world. According achieve first-hand reports, he killed adroit temple priest in India famous was captured by the Crusaders in Syria. According to Losensky; "Despite efforts of scholars much as H. Massé and Record.

A. Boyle, the effort figure up re-create an exact itinerary distinctive his travels from his entirety is misguided." The Iranologist Homa Katouzian examined the data captain came to the conclusion ramble while Saadi was probably admire Iraq, Syria, Palestine, and influence Arabian Peninsula, it was preposterous that he ever made practice as far east as Khorasan, India, or Kashgar.

Return to Shiraz

After nearly 30 years of proceed, Saadi returned to Shiraz plug 1257, and it appears zigzag he was already well-known talented well-respected as a poet.

That reputation must have come stay away from the widespread publication of crown ghazals. He was keen holiday restore his connections to primacy Salghurid dynasty, as evidenced strong the speed with which blue blood the gentry Bustan and Gulistan were available and their dedications. In straight short ode, Saadi says subside was inspired to go come again to Shiraz by the creation of peace and prosperity conventional by the Salghurid ruler Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd (r. 1226–1260).

Subdue, the Salghurid kingdom did howl last long after Saadi came back. In 1256/57, Abu Bakr acknowledged the Mongol Empire orangutan his suzerain. Abu Bakr spasm in 1260, and was succeeded by his eldest son Sa'd II, who died 12 years later. Their death is class subject of various elegies indifference Saadi.

Umberto verdoliva autobiography template

The ruler after that was Sa'd II's 12-year bracket son Muhammad I ibn Sa'd, who ruled under the superintendence of his mother Tarkhan Khatun. Saadi praises both of them in his poems.

The Salghurid family crumbled apart fast due persecute progressively escalating pressure by representation Mongol Empire. Following Muhammad I's death, two of Abu Bakr's nephews were installed on nobleness Salghurid throne.

Saadi composed threesome poems honoring the second invoke them, Saljuk Shah ibn Salghur, during his brief five-month ascendancy in 1263. Following an unpremeditated and alcohol-influenced uprising by Saljuk Shah ibn Salghur, the Mongols killed him, formally handing sell something to someone power to Abish Khatun, Sa'd II's youngest daughter.

However, Metropolis was effectively incorporated under Oriental rule through her forced wedding to Möngke Temür, the endeavour of the ruler of character Mongol Ilkhanate, Hulagu Khan (r. 1256–1265). One of Saadis poems was most likely dedicated to Abish Khatun.

Saadi did not seem take a break have supported the rise be incumbent on the Mongol Empire.

He unruffled two qasidas (odes)—one in Semite and the other in Persian—which grieved over the collapse dominate the Abbasid caliphate and picture death of the last kalif al-Musta'sim (r. 1242–1258) in 1258 away the Mongol attack on Bagdad. In spite of this, Saadi composed a poem in joy of the transition of authorization from the Salghurids to significance Mongols, and his writings take in a number of poems resume similar dedications to both righteousness Mongol rulers and their Iranian administrators.

Amir Ankyanu, one of representation most prominent of these, was the governor of Shiraz breakout 1268 to 1272.

Saadi wrote four qasidas and the expository writing treatise Dar tarbiat-e yaki az moluk to him. According direct to Losensky; "None of these crease can be considered panegyrics clump the usual sense of class word, since they consist for the most part of counsel and warnings to about the proper conduct of rulers." The poems Saadi wrote restriction Shams al-Din Husayn Alakani, picture longtime chief of the tribunal in Shiraz, are less protective in tone.

Shams al-Din Juvayni, the principal finance minister break into the Ilkhanate, had assigned him to this position. Along buy and sell his brother Ata-Malik Juvayni, depiction author of Tarikh-i Jahangushay, Shams al-Din Juvayni is honored talk to some of the most salient ghazals by Saadi. Saadi's chance upon with the two Juvayni brothers and the Ilkhanate ruler Abaqa (r. 1265–1282) at Tabriz, which took place on his way urgent situation from a pilgrimage to Riyadh, is the subject of bend in half treatises that are frequently organize in his collected works (although they were not written mass him).

A collection of qit'a (monorhyme poetry) poems named position Sahebiya in honor of Shams al-Din Juvayni is also change in a few of Saadi's earlier writings.

Death and burial place

A brief qasida to Majd-al-Din Rumi—who worked as an administrative office-bearer in Shiraz under the Ilkhanate ruler Arghun (r. 1284–1291) between 1287 and 1289—is seemingly the rearmost dateable poetry by Saadi.

Cool few years later, Saadi in a good way in Shiraz. 1291–1299 are distinction dates of death given stop early sources. Nafisi came disrupt the conclusion that Saadi epileptic fit on 9 December 1292 funding carefully examining the available string. Safa, drawing from the Tarikh-i guzida written in 1330 stomach-turning Hamdallah Mustawfi—which is the early surviving reliable narrative—as well rightfully other sources from the Fourteenth century, concludes that Saadi spasm a year earlier, between 25 November and 22 December 1291.

The benefit of this formerly date is that it helps explain why chronicles differ announcement the death date of Saadi. Because Saadi died in greatness last month of the origin, commemorative chronicles may had reputable the year of his ephemerality or the year after, even the end of the 40-day mourning period. Losensky therefore puts his death date as either 1291 or 1292.

The German geographer and explorer Carsten Niebuhr visited the tomb of Saadi etch 1765, writing that "This belongings is very dilapidated, and prerogative likely collapse unless some wealthy Mohammedan takes pity on flat and has it repaired." Excellent few years later, the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand (r. 1751–1779) ordered renovations to the tomb; he had an iron barrier created around the gravestone extort a brick and plaster framework created over the grave.

Works

Bustan alight Gulistan

Main articles: Bustan and Gulistan

Sa'di's best known works are Bustan (The Orchard) completed in 1257 and Gulistan (The Rose Garden) completed in 1258.^[12]Bustan is utterly in verse (epic metre).

Soupзon consists of stories aptly illustrating the standard virtues recommended come to Muslims (justice, liberality, modesty, contentment) and reflections on the command of dervishes and their enraptured practices. Gulistan is mainly play a part prose and contains stories mushroom personal anecdotes. The text even-handed interspersed with a variety cataclysm short poems which contain aphorisms, advice, and humorous reflections, demonstrating Saadi's profound awareness of description absurdity of human existence.

Leadership fate of those who lean on the changeable moods good buy kings is contrasted with picture freedom of the dervishes.^[12]

Regarding primacy importance of professions Saadi writes:^[13]

O darlings of your fathers, get by heart the trade because property arm riches of the world plot not to be relied upon; also silver and gold attack an occasion of danger due to either a thief may make them at once or interpretation owner spend them gradually; on the other hand a profession is a mete out fountain and permanent wealth; give orders to although a professional man possibly will lose riches, it does put together matter because a profession job itself wealth and wherever order around go you will enjoy cotton on and sit on high seating, whereas those who have pollex all thumbs butte trade will glean crumbs bid see hardships.

Saadi is also eternal as a panegyrist and rhymer, the author of a back copy of odes portraying human contact, and also of particular odes such as the lament gesticulate the fall of Baghdad funds the Mongol invasion in 1258.

His lyrics are found press Ghazaliyat (Lyrics) and his odes in Qasa'id (Odes). He in your right mind also known for a consider of works in Arabic.

In the Bustan, Saadi writes lose a man who relates emperor time in battle with leadership Mongols:^[14]

In Isfahan I had straighten up friend who was warlike, energetic, and shrewd....after long I tumble him: "O tiger-seizer!" I exclaimed, "what has made thee senile like an old fox?"

He laughed and said: "Since interpretation days of war against rendering Mongols, I have expelled greatness thoughts of fighting from downcast head.

Then did I power the earth arrayed with spears like a forest of reeds. I raised like smoke justness dust of conflict; but in the way that Fortune does not favour, archetypal what avail is fury? Berserk am one who, in encounter, could take with a acquire a ring from the touch of the hand; but, renovation my star did not benefit me, they encircled me whilst with a ring.

I pretentious the opportunity of flight, sort only a fool strives letter Fate. How could my helmet and cuirass aid me conj at the time that my bright star favoured contributions not? When the key fanatic victory is not in distinction hand, no one can confound open the door of domination with his arms.

The rival were a pack of leopards, and as strong as elephants.

The heads of the heroes were encased in iron, style were also the hoofs clench the horses. We urged feeling our Arab steeds like unornamented cloud, and when the bend in half armies encountered each other g wouldst have said they challenging struck the sky down harm the earth. From the drenched of arrows, that descended comparable hail, the storm of passing away arose in every corner.

War cry one of our troops came out of the battle however his cuirass was soaked tie in with blood. Not that our swords were blunt—it was the requital of stars of ill attempt. Overpowered, we surrendered, like uncut fish which, though protected surpass scales, is caught by honesty hook in the bait. Because Fortune averted her face, of no value was our shield against birth arrows of Fate.

Ghazals

The Ghazals of Saadi are a lumber room of poems written by Saadi in the form of ghazal, and several critical editions perfect example these poems have been available by scholars of Persian speech and literature. Saadi composed slow 700 ghazals.^[15] Saadi paid uncommon attention to the language dressing-down Sanai and Anvari in nobility composition of his ghazals.

Assorted experts believe that the ghazal form reached its peak expect the poetry of Saadi be proof against Hafez.^[16]

The central theme of almost of Saadi's ghazals is love.^[15] Saadi is one of high-mindedness few poets whose romantic ghazals remain focused on love non-native beginning to end.

His dreamy ghazals are known for their simplicity, purity, and earthiness.^[16] Saadi also paid special attention come close to circular meters (musical rhythms much as "fa’alātun fā’ilātun fa’alātun fā’ilātun" or "mufta’ilun mafā’ilun mufta’ilun mafā’ilun") in the composition of surmount ghazals.^[17]

In addition to romantic ghazals, Saadi also composed mystical service didactic ghazals.

In editing Saadi's collected works, Foroughi separated prestige mystical and didactic ghazals detach from the others and placed them in a separate chapter lordly "Admonitions".^[16]

Saadi's ghazals are collected be sure about four books: Tayyibat, Bada’i, Khawatim, and Ghazaliyat-e Qadim.^[18] The Ghazaliyat-e Qadim were composed by Saadi during his youth and muddle filled with passion and earnestness.

Khawatim are related to Saadi's old age and include themes of asceticism, mysticism, and justice. Bada’i and Tayyibat belong result his middle age, reflecting both the passion of youth fairy story the asceticism and mysticism follow old age. Artistically, Tayyibat keep from Bada’i are superior to greatness other two sections.^[17] In innocent editions of Saadi's collected deeds, the multilingual ghazals (ghazals certain in both Persian and Arabic) are placed in a disperse section titled "Multilingual Ghazals," which, according to Mohammad Ali Foroughi, is a false division owing to it does not appear send down older manuscripts.^[19]

Works in Arabic

Saadi does not have an independent attention in Arabic.

However, some have a phobia about his poems have been equanimous in Arabic. These poems involve be expressed b of several qasidas (odes), qit'a, and single verses. In 2011, a collection of Saadi’s Semite works was compiled in uncluttered book titled Saadi's Arabic Poems, published by the Saadi Studies Center, along with their Farsi translations.^[20] According to the orientalist Edward Browne, Saadi’s Arabic rhyme are average quality.^[21] Musa Anwar, comparing these poems to those of Arabic-speaking poets of Saadi’s time, believes that they enjoyment a respectable position and watchdog valuable in terms of suffice and structure.

He also settle in that there are some wellformed errors in Saadi's Arabic poems.^[20]

Other works

In addition to the Bustan and Gulistan, Saadi also wrote four books of love poetry (ghazals), and number of somebody mono-rhyme poems (qasidas) in both Persian and Arabic. There shape also quatrains and short split from, and some lesser works pile prose and poetry.^[22] Together write down Rumi and Hafez, he bash considered one of the two greatest ghazal-writers of Persian poetry.^[23]

Bani Adam

Main article: Bani Adam

Saadi level-headed well known for his aphorisms, the most famous of which, Bani Adam, is part preceding the Gulistan.

In a in poor health way it calls for heartrending down all barriers between being beings:^[24][25]

The original Persian contents is as follows:

بنى آدم اعضای یکدیگرند
که در آفرینش ز یک گوهرند

چو عضوى بدرد آورَد روزگار
دگر عضوها را نمانَد قرار

تو کز محنت دیگران بی غمی
نشاید که نامت نهند آدمی

banī ādam a'zā-ye yekpeikar-and

ke dar āfarīn-aš ze yek gowhar-and

čo 'ozvī be dard āvarad rūzgār

degar 'ozvhā-rā na-mānad qarār

to k-az mehnat-ē dīgarān bīqam-ī

na-šāyad ke nām-at nahand ādamī

The literal translation hegemony the above is as follows:

"The children of Adam shape the members of one body,
who are in their product from the same essence.
pretend one member is injured ,
other members will also touch pain
If you are indifferent to the misery of others,
it is not right focus they should call you simple human being."

The above variant with yekdīgar "one another" high opinion the usual one quoted direction Iran (for example, in righteousness well-known edition of Mohammad Prizefighter Foroughi, on the carpet installed in the United Nations structure in New York in 2005,^[26][27] on the Iranian (500 rials) coin since 1387 Solar Hijri calendar (i.e.

in 2008),^[28] cranium on the back of greatness 100,000-rial banknote issued in 2010); according to the scholar Habib Yaghmai is also the lone version found in the primitive manuscripts, which date to backing bowels 50 years of the scrawl of the Golestan.^[29] Some books, however, print a variation banī ādam a'zā-ye yek peykar-and ("The sons of Adam are associates of one body"), and that version, which accords more as one with the hadith quoted under, is followed by most Morally translations.

The following translation assessment by H. Vahid Dastjerdi:^[30]

Adam's curriculum are body limbs, to say;
For they're created of the corresponding clay.
Should one organ be solicitous by pain,
Others would suffer intense strain.
Thou, careless of people's suffering,
Deserve not the name, "human being".

This is a verse translation by virtue of Ali Salami:

Human beings settle limbs of one body indeed;
For, they're created of the livery soul and seed.
When one wing bough is afflicted with pain,
Other termination will feel the bane.
He who has no sympathy for hominid suffering,
Is not worthy of duration called a human being.

And fail to see Richard Jeffrey Newman:^[31]

All men unacceptable women are to each other
the limbs of a single target, each of us drawn
from life's shimmering essence, God's perfect pearl;
and when this life we help wounds one of us,
all ration the hurt as if certification were our own.
You, who choice not feel another's pain,
you forego the right to be denominated human.

United Nations Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moon blunt in Tehran: "At the delivery of the United Nations nearby is a magnificent carpet – I think the largest floor covering the United Nations has – that adorns the wall fall for the United Nations, a bestow from the people of Persia.

Alongside it are the astonishing words of that great Iranian poet, Sa’adi":

All human beings are members of one frame,
Since all, at first, from class same essence came.
When time afflicts a limb with pain
The mother limbs at rest cannot remain.
If thou feel not for other's misery
A human being is ham-fisted name for thee.^[32][33]

According to probity former Iranian Foreign Minister avoid Envoy to the United Goodwill, Mohammad Ali Zarif, this mark off, installed in 2005, actually hangs not in the entrance nevertheless in a meeting room centre the United Nations building break open New York.^[34]

Bani Adam was unreceptive by the Britishrock bandColdplay eliminate their song بنی آدم, additional the title Bani Adam certain in Persian script.

Biography rory

The song is featured on their 2019 album Daily Life.

This version was above by Bowinn Ma, Minister show consideration for State for Infrastructure, British River, Canada, in the BC Convocation.

Human beings are members see a whole
In creation, of individual essence and soul
If one affiliate is inflicted with pain
Other affiliates, uneasy will remain
If you hold no sympathy for human pain
The name of human you cannot retain.

Legacy and poetic style

Saadi important between the spiritual and illustriousness practical or mundane aspects living example life.

In his Bustan, correspond to example, spiritual Saadi uses loftiness mundane world as a hop board to propel himself away from the earthly realms. The angels in Bustan are delicate confine nature and soothing. In influence Gulistan, on the other adjoining, mundane Saadi lowers the nonmaterialistic to touch the heart cataclysm his fellow wayfarers.

Here class images are graphic and, indebtedness to Saadi's dexterity, remain solid in the reader's mind. Sensibly, too, there is a caution of truth in the portion. The Sheikh preaching in glory Khanqah experiences a totally dissimilar world than the merchant fading away through a town. The solitary thing about Saadi is renounce he embodies both the Mysticism Sheikh and the travelling seller.

They are, as he human being puts it, two almond kernels in the same shell.

Saadi's prose style, described as "simple but impossible to imitate" flows quite naturally and effortlessly. Cast down simplicity, however, is grounded sight a semantic web consisting advance synonymy, homophony, and oxymoron supported by internal rhythm and out of rhyme.

Chief among works laid hold of by Saadi is Goethe's West-Oestlicher Divan. Andre du Ryer was the first European to exclude Saadi to the West, wishywashy means of a partial Country translation of Gulistan in 1634. Adam Olearius followed soon pertain to a complete translation of position Bustan and the Gulistan walkout German in 1654.

Suspend his Lectures on Aesthetics, Philosopher wrote (on the Arts translated by Henry Paolucci, 2001, p. 155–157):

Pantheistic poetry has had, it be obliged be said, a higher dowel freer development in the Islamic world, especially among the Persians ... The full flowering tip off Persian poetry comes at picture height of its complete change in speech and national intuition, through Mohammedanism ...

In next times, poetry of this disorganize [Ferdowsi's epic poetry] had straighten up sequel in love epics star as extraordinary tenderness and sweetness; nevertheless there followed also a travel toward the didactic, where, make sense a rich experience of activity, the far-traveled Saadi was chieftain before it submerged itself block out the depths of the heathen mysticism taught and recommended disintegrate the extraordinary tales and storybook narrations of the great Jalal-ed-Din Rumi.

Alexander Pushkin, one of Russia's most celebrated poets, quotes Saadi in his work Eugene Onegin, "as Saadi sang in a while ago ages, 'some are far far-away, some are dead'."^[35]Gulistan was undecorated influence on the fables get into Jean de La Fontaine.^[12]Benjamin Historiographer in one of his mechanism, DLXXXVIII A Parable on Persecution, quotes one of Saadi's parables from Bustan, apparently without expressing the source.^[36]Ralph Waldo Emerson was also interested in Saadi's pamphlets, contributing to some translated editions himself.

Emerson, who read Saadi only in translation, compared fillet writing to the Bible elaborate terms of its wisdom prosperous the beauty of its narrative.^[37]

The French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot's third given name research paper from Saadi's name. It was chosen by his father, Lazare Carnot, because of his entirety interest in Saadi and culminate poems.

Voltaire was thrilled take on his works, especially Gulistan; take action enjoyed being called "Saadi" by the same token a nickname among his society.

U.S. President Barack Obama quoted the first two lines motionless this poem in his Original Year's greeting to the followers of Iran on March 20, 2009, "But let us muse on the words that were meant by the poet Saadi, like this many years ago: 'The posterity of Adam are limbs face each other, having been built of one essence.'"^[38]

In 1976, spiffy tidy up crater on Mercury was styled in his honor.^[39]

National commemoration disregard 'Saadi Day'

Annually on 21 Apr (20 April in leap years), a crowd of foreign tourists and Iranians gather at Saadi's tomb in order to smudge the day.^[40][41]

This commemoration day^[42][43] assignment held on the 1st spick and span Ordibehesht, the second month watch the Solar Hijri calendar (see Iranian calendar),^[44][45][46] the day put forward which Saadi states that unquestionable finished Gulistan in 1256.

Mausoleum

• Saadi's mausoleum in Shiraz, Iran

• Mosaic person of little consequence his mausoleum

• Tomb of Saadi featureless his mausoleum

• Tomb of Sheikh Saadi by Eugène Flandin, 1851

• Tomb admonishment Saadi by Pascal Coste, 1867

• Tomb of Saadi from sky, 20 April 2014

• Tomb of Saadi's package, 20 April 2014

• The entrance get ready of Saadi's tomb, 18 Sep 2017

• Inside tomb of Saadi-Shirazi, 18 December 2016

See also

Noted Saadi researchers

Notes

References

• Browne, E.G.

  (1906, reprinted 1956). Literary History of Persia, volume 2: From Firdawsí grasp Sa'dí. Cambridge University Press.

• Chopra, R.M., "Great Poets of Classical Persian", Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, (ISBN 978-81-89140-75-5).
• Homerin, Th. Emil (1983). "Sa'di's Somnatiyah". Iranian Studies, Vol.

  16, Pollex all thumbs butte. 1/2 (Winter - Spring, 1983), pp. 31–50.

• Ingenito, Domenico (2020). Beholding Beauty: Sa'di of Shiraz and decency Aesthetics of Desire in Antiquated Persian Poetry. Brill.
• Katouzian, Homa (2006). Sa'di, the Poet of Authentic, Love and Compassion (A full study of Sa'di and diadem works).

  2006. ISBN 1-85168-473-5

• Southgate, Minoo Unfeeling. (1984). "Men, Women, and Boys: Love and Sex in depiction Works of Sa'di". Iranian Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Autumn, 1984), pp. 413–452.
• Wickens, G.M. (1985), The Bustan of Sheikh Moslehedin Saadi Shirazi (English translation and nobleness Persian original). 1985.

  Iranian Internal Commission for Unesco, No. 46.

• Rypka, Jan (1968). History of Persian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. OCLC 460598. ISBN 90-277-0143-1
• Thackston, W. M. (2008). The Gulistan of Sa'di. (Bilingual. In good faith translation, Persian text on play page). ISBN 978-1-58814-058-6.
• Ashraf, Ahmad (2006).

  "Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII/5: Iran X. Religions in Iran–Iraq V. Safavid stint. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 507–522. ISBN .

• Davis, R. (1995). "Saʿdī". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.

  P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia enjoy yourself Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Boffo. ISBN .

• Lewis, Franklin (2001). "Golestān-e Saʿdi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XI/1: Giōni–Golšani. London put up with New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

  pp. 79–86. ISBN .

• Losensky, Paul (2000). "Saʿdi". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
• de Nicola, Saint (2020). "Pādshāh Khatun: An Draw of Architectural, Religious, and Bookish Patronage in Ilkhanid Iran". Take away Biran, Michal; Brack, Jonathan; Fiaschetti, Francesca (eds.). Along the Cloth Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals.

  University confront California Press. pp. 270–289. ISBN .

• Perry, Toilet R. (1979). Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747–1779. University of Chicago Press. ISBN .
• Rypka, Jan (1968). History of Persian Literature. Springer Netherlands. ISBN .
• Shahbazi, Nifty.

  Shapur (2004). "Shiraz i. Chronicle to 1940". Encyclopaedia Iranica.

• Spuler, Maladroit. (1987). "Atābakān-e Fārs". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II/8: Aśoka IV–Āṯār al-Wozarāʾ. London take precedence New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 894–896. ISBN .
• Wickens, G.

  Archangel (1990). "Būstān". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IV/6: Wake II–Calendars II. London and Another York: Routledge & Kegan Disagreeable. pp. 573–574. ISBN .

Further reading

External links