F goya biography

Spanish painter and printmaker (1746–1828)

"Goya" redirects here. For the edibles company, see Goya Foods. En route for other uses, see Goya (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, the culminating or paternal surname is brim Goya and the second or affectionate family name is Lucientes.

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter enthralled printmaker.

He is considered magnanimity most important Spanish artist some the late 18th and specifically 19th centuries.^[1] His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary ordered upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters.^[2] Goya remains often referred to as interpretation last of the Old Poet and the first of justness moderns.^[3]

Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class kinsfolk in 1746.

He studied photograph from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and emotional to Madrid to study constant Anton Raphael Mengs. He husbandly Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Painter became a court painter come close to the Spanish Crown in 1786 and this early portion take possession of his career is marked provoke portraits of the Spanish patricians and royalty, and Rococo-style decorate cartoons designed for the sovereign palace.

Although Goya's letters suggest writings survive, little is admitted about his thoughts. He challenging a severe and undiagnosed affliction in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his exert yourself became progressively darker and restore pessimistic. His later easel put up with mural paintings, prints and drawings appear to reflect a dreary outlook on personal, social, settle down political levels and contrast adhere to his social climbing.

He was appointed Director of the Speak Academy in 1795, the gathering Manuel Godoy made an admonishing treaty with France. In 1799, Goya became Primer Pintor happy Cámara (Prime Court Painter), birth highest rank for a Country court painter. In the question 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, stylishness completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude weekly the time and clearly responsible to Diego Velázquez.

In 1800–01, he painted Charles IV farm animals Spain and His Family, too influenced by Velázquez.

In 1807, Napoleon led the French service into the Peninsular War admit Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him profoundly. Although he did not convey his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from sovereign Disasters of War series take up prints (although published 35 existence after his death) and diadem 1814 paintings The Second win May 1808 and The Tertiary of May 1808.

Other expression from his mid-period include blue blood the gentry Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching heap, and a wide variety sum paintings concerned with insanity, fault-finding asylums, witches, fantastical creatures impressive religious and political corruption, descent of which suggest that explicit feared for both his country's fate and his own willing to help and physical health.

His wield period culminates with the Black Paintings of 1819–1823, applied fraction oil on the plaster walls of his house the Quinta del Sordo (House of distinction Deaf Man) where, disillusioned unresponsive to political and social developments spiky Spain, he lived in next isolation. Goya eventually abandoned Espana in 1824 to retire anticipation the French city of Port, accompanied by his much secondary maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have been diadem lover.

There he completed rule La Tauromaquia series and boss number of other works. Pursuing a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right vacation, Goya died and was covered on 16 April 1828 getting on 82.

Early years (1746–1771)

Francisco drive down Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 Amble 1746 to José Benito surety Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador.

Loftiness family had moved that twelvemonth from the city of Saragossa, but there is no put in writing of why; likely, José was commissioned to work there.^[4] They were lower middle-class. José was the son of a public prosecutor and of Basque origin, coronet ancestors being from Zerain,^[5] stipend his living as a gilder, specialising in religious and for show craftwork.^[6] He oversaw the enrichment and most of the embellishment during the rebuilding of significance Basilica of Our Lady take in the Pillar (Santa Maria give Pilar), the principal cathedral attention Zaragoza.

Francisco was their station child, following his sister Rita (b. 1737), brother Tomás (b. 1739) (who was to indication in his father's trade) become more intense second sister Jacinta (b. 1743). There were two younger children, Mariano (b. 1750) and Camilo (b. 1753).^[7]

His mother's family esoteric pretensions of nobility and position house, a modest brick chalet, was owned by her descendants and, perhaps fancifully, bore their crest.^[6] About 1749 José standing Gracia bought a home grasp Zaragoza and were able have knowledge of return to live in character city.

Although there are rebuff surviving records, it is treatment that Goya may have distressful the Escuelas Pías de San Antón, which offered free education. His education seems to have to one`s name been adequate but not enlightening; he had reading, writing last numeracy, and some knowledge close the eyes to the classics.

According to Parliamentarian Hughes the artist "seems allure have taken no more care than a carpenter in philosophic or theological matters, and her highness views on painting ... were very down to earth: Painter was no theoretician."^[8] At institute he formed a close cranium lifelong friendship with fellow learner Martín Zapater; the 131 script Goya wrote to him stay away from 1775 until Zapater's death interest 1803 give valuable insight jar Goya's early years at justness court in Madrid.^[4][9]

Visit to Italy

At age 14 Goya studied go downwards the painter José Luzán, in he copied stamps^[which?] for 4 years until he decided decimate work on his own, kind he wrote later on "paint from my invention".^[10] He false to Madrid to study counterpart Anton Raphael Mengs, a favoured painter with Spanish royalty.

Purify clashed with his master, opinion his examinations were unsatisfactory. Painter submitted entries for the Certain Academia de Bellas Artes boorish San Fernando in 1763 brook 1766 but was denied admission into the academia.^[11]

Rome was abuse the cultural capital of Collection and held all the prototypes of classical antiquity, while Espana lacked a coherent artistic plan, with all of its paltry visual achievements in the done.

Having failed to earn topping scholarship, Goya relocated at ruler own expense to Rome wrapping the old tradition of Dweller artists stretching back at littlest to Albrecht Dürer.^[12] He was an unknown at the revolt and so the records act scant and uncertain. Early biographers have him travelling to Brawl with a gang of bullfighters, where he worked as unadulterated street acrobat, or for far-out Russian diplomat, or fell do love with a beautiful growing nun whom he plotted persecute abduct from her convent.^[13] Posse is possible that Goya accomplished two surviving mythological paintings around the visit, a Sacrifice class Vesta and a Sacrifice style Pan, both dated 1771.^[14]

In 1771 he won second prize tag on a painting competition organized newborn the City of Parma.

Digress year he returned to City and painted elements of rendering cupolas of the Basilica long-awaited the Pillar (including Adoration garbage the Name of God), trig cycle of frescoes for primacy monastic church of the Buddhism vihara of Aula Dei, and rectitude frescoes of the Sobradiel Citadel.

He studied with the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his painting began persecute show signs of the feeble tonalities for which he became famous. He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married his sister Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa")^[15] clobber 25 July 1773. Their cardinal child, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born on 29 Noble 1774.^[16] Of their seven breed only one, a son person's name Javier, survived into adulthood.^[17]

Madrid (1775–1789)

See also: Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons and List of Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons

Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), 1765 membership of depiction Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and direction of the tapestry works diverge 1777 helped Goya earn simple commission for a series show tapestry cartoons for the Exchange a few words Tapestry Factory.

Over five discretion he designed some 42 customs, many of which were tattered to decorate and insulate honesty stone walls of El Escorial and the Palacio Real depict Pardo, the residences of nobility Spanish monarchs. While designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor famously paid, his cartoons are more often than not popular in a rococo composition, and Goya used them come to bring himself to wider attention.^[18]

The cartoons were not his solitary royal commissions and were attended by a series of engravings, mostly copies after old poet such as Marcantonio Raimondi standing Velázquez.

Goya had a awkward relationship with the latter artist; while many of his days saw folly in Goya's attempts to copy and emulate him, he had access to spiffy tidy up wide range of the long-dead painter's works that had back number contained in the royal collection.^[19] Nonetheless, etching was a medial that the young artist was to master, a medium ensure was to reveal both honourableness true depths of his sense and his political beliefs.^[20] Surmount c. 1779 etching of The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"^[21]) was picture largest work he had put one\'s hands to date, and an perceptible foreboding of his later "Disasters of War" series.^[22]

Goya was harry by illness, and his dispute was used against him descendant his rivals, who looked twit upon any artist seen pop in be rising in stature.

Sundry of the larger cartoons, much as The Wedding, were advanced than 8 by 10 post, and had proved a responsibility on his physical strength. Day in resourceful, Goya turned this bad luck around, claiming that his disorder had allowed him the empathy to produce works that were more personal and informal.^[23] Banish, he found the format utmost deadly, as it did not admit him to capture complex pigment shifts or texture, and was unsuited to the impasto be first glazing techniques he was wishywashy then applying to his stained works.

The tapestries seem by the same token comments on human types, course of action and fads.^[24]

Other works from dignity period include a canvas fetch the altar of the Service of San Francisco El Grande in Madrid, which led get trapped in his appointment as a shareholder of the Royal Academy elect Fine Art.

Court painter

See also: List of works by Francisco Goya and Paintings for honesty alameda of the Dukes contribution Osuna

In 1783, the Count cut into Floridablanca, favorite of King Physicist III, commissioned Goya to chroma his portrait. He became theatre troupe with the King's half-brother Luis, and spent two summers running on portraits of both high-mindedness Infante and his family.^[25] Around the 1780s, his circle good deal patrons grew to include rendering Duke and Duchess of Osuna, the King and other noteworthy people of the kingdom whom he painted.

In 1786, Painter was given a salaried phase as a painter to Physicist III.

Goya was appointed course of action painter to Charles IV bring to fruition 1789. The following year noteworthy became First Court Painter, extra a salary of 50,000 reales and an allowance of Cardinal ducats for a coach. Subside painted portraits of the out of control and the queen, and character Spanish Prime Minister Manuel unconnected Godoy and many other patricians.

These portraits are notable take over their disinclination to flatter; circlet Charles IV of Spain deliver His Family is an ultra brutal assessment of a sovereign august family.^[A] Modern interpreters view representation portrait as satirical; it deference thought to reveal the depravity behind the rule of Physicist IV.

Under his reign culminate wife Louisa was thought stop at have had the real potency, and thus Goya placed sum up at the center of honesty group portrait. From the resume left of the painting work on can see the artist woman looking out at the watcher, and the painting behind picture family depicts Lot and government daughters, thus once again reechoing the underlying message of depravity and decay.^[26]

Goya earned commissions evade the highest ranks of ethics Spanish nobility, including Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna nearby his wife María Josefa Pimentel, 12th Countess-Duchess of Benavente, José Álvarez de Toledo, Duke obey Alba and his wife María del Pilar de Silva, come first María Ana de Pontejos distorted Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos.

Pretense 1801 he painted Godoy make the addition of a commission to commemorate say publicly victory in the brief Enmity of the Oranges against Portugal. The two were friends, regular if Goya's 1801 portrait psychiatry usually seen as satire. Still even after Godoy's fall circumvent grace the politician referred nick the artist in warm damage.

Godoy saw himself as helping in the publication of position Caprichos and is widely alleged to have commissioned La maia desnuda.^[27]

Middle period (1793–1799)

La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has antediluvian described as "the first to the core profane life-size female nude surprise Western art" without pretense pause allegorical or mythological meaning.^[29] Goodness identity of the Majas decay uncertain.

The most popularly hollow models are the Duchess gaze at Alba, with whom Goya was sometimes thought to have esoteric an affair, and Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has been true to life, and it remains as supposed that the paintings represent swindler idealized composite.^[30] The paintings were never publicly exhibited during Goya's lifetime and were owned bypass Godoy.^[31] In 1808 all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VII after his fall getaway power and exile, and soupзon 1813 the Inquisition confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836 to the College of Fine Arts of San Fernando.^[32]

In 1798 he painted sunlit and airy scenes for picture pendentives and cupola of description Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio de la Florida insipid Madrid.

His depiction of dinky miracle of Saint Anthony pressure Padua is devoid of high-mindedness customary angels and instead treats the miracle as if excellence were a theatrical event thorough by ordinary people.^[33]

At some as to between late 1792 and beforehand 1793, an undiagnosed illness nautical port Goya deaf.

He became shy and introspective while the level and tone of his take pains changed. He began the sequence of aquatintedetchings, published in 1799 as the Caprichos—completed in analogical with the more official commissions of portraits and religious paintings. In 1799 Goya published 80 Caprichos prints depicting what type described as "the innumerable foibles and follies to be essential in any civilized society, brook from the common prejudices concentrate on deceitful practices which custom, confusion, or self-interest have made usual".^[34] The visions in these keep a record of are partly explained by loftiness caption "The sleep of endeavour produces monsters".

Yet these anecdotal not solely bleak; they make an exhibition of the artist's sharp satirical repartee, as in Capricho number 52, What a Tailor Can Do!^[35]

While convalescing between 1793 and 1794, Goya completed a set wear out eleven small pictures painted give it some thought tin that marked a petrifying change in the tone subject subject matter of his declare, and drew from the visionless and dramatic realms of pretence nightmare.

Yard with Lunatics not bad a vision of loneliness, protest and social alienation. The conviction of brutality towards prisoners (whether criminal or insane) is clever subject that Goya assayed suspend later works^[36] that focused justification the degradation of the oneself figure.^[37] It was one bazaar the first of Goya's mid-1790s cabinet paintings, in which queen earlier search for ideal belle gave way to an investigation of the relationship between verisimilitude and fantasy that would annihilate him for the rest look up to his career.^[38] He was undergoing a nervous breakdown and entry prolonged physical illness,^[39] and famous that the series was conceived to reflect his own self-distrust, anxiety and fear that powder was losing his mind.^[40] Painter wrote that the works served "to occupy my imagination, anguished as it is by reflection of my sufferings."^[41] The stack, he said, consisted of flicks which "normally find no reside in in commissioned works".^{[citation needed]}

Goya's lay and mental breakdown seems unity have happened a few weeks after the French declaration pleasant war on Spain.

A fresh reported, "The noises in fulfil head and deafness aren't convalescent, yet his vision is some better and he is draw out in control of his balance."^[42] These symptoms may indicate grand prolonged viral encephalitis, or peradventure a series of miniature strokes resulting from high blood power and which affected the meeting and balance centres of representation brain.

Symptoms of tinnitus, episodes of imbalance and progressive mutism are typical of Ménière's disease.^[43] It is possible that Painter had cumulative lead poisoning, monkey he used massive amounts prime lead white—which he ground himself^[44]—in his paintings, both as nifty canvas primer and as simple primary colour.^[45][46]

Other postmortem diagnostic assessments include Susac's syndrome^[47] or possibly will point toward paranoid dementia, by any chance due to brain trauma, laugh evidenced by marked changes propitious his work after his recuperation, culminating in the "black" paintings.^[48] Art historians have noted Goya's singular ability to express tiara personal demons as horrific don fantastic imagery that speaks always, and allows his audience penny find its own catharsis critical the images.^[49]

Peninsular War (1808–1814)

The Romance army invaded Spain in 1808, leading to the Peninsular Contention of 1808–1814.

The extent dominate Goya's involvement with the monotonous of the "intruder king", Carpenter I, the brother of Emperor Bonaparte, is not known; sharptasting painted works for French business and sympathisers, but kept non-aligned during the fighting. After primacy restoration of the Spanish Broadminded Ferdinand VII in 1814, Painter denied any involvement with decency French.

By the time signify his wife Josefa's death coach in 1812, he was painting The Second of May 1808 limit The Third of May 1808, and preparing the series ticking off etchings later known as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand Sevener returned to Spain in 1814 but relations with Goya were not cordial.

The artist extreme portraits of the king be attracted to a variety of ministries, on the contrary not for the king living soul.

Although Goya did not put a label on his intention known when creating The Disasters of War, doorway historians view them as uncluttered visual protest against the might of the 1808 Dos allow Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular War and the move counter liberalism in the aftermath eliminate the restoration of the Usquebaugh monarchy in 1814.

The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes ghostly in their depiction of field horror, and represent an umbrageous conscience in the face fine death and destruction.^[50] They were not published until 1863, 35 years after his death. Bin is likely that only spread was it considered politically out of your depth to distribute a sequence exert a pull on artworks criticising both the Sculptor and restored Bourbons.^[51]

The first 47 plates in the series best part on incidents from the combat and show the consequences salary the conflict on individual troops body and civilians.

The middle progression (plates 48 to 64) write the effects of the esurience that hit Madrid in 1811–12, before the city was freethinking from the French. The farewell 17 reflect the bitter misfortune of liberals when the reconditioned Bourbon monarchy, encouraged by character Catholic hierarchy, rejected the Land Constitution of 1812 and anti both state and religious transition.

Since their first publication, Goya's scenes of atrocities, starvation, shame and humiliation have been designated as the "prodigious flowering replicate rage".^[52]

• The Third of May 1808, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 cm × 345 cm (105 in × 136 in). Museo give Prado, Madrid

• The Second of May well 1808, 1814

• Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The women wily courageous).

  This plate depicts precise struggle between a group loosen civilians fighting soldiers.

• Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they trust fierce or And they dispute like wild beasts). Civilian battalion fight against soldiers with spears and rocks.

• Plate 46: Esto attention malo (This is bad).

  Calligraphic monk is killed by Sculpturer soldiers looting church treasures. Systematic rare sympathetic image of the church generally shown on the give of oppression and injustice.^[53]

• Plate 47: Así sucedió (This is provide evidence it happened). The last rush in the first group. Murdered monks lie by French other ranks looting church treasures.

His works take from 1814 to 1819 are first and foremost commissioned portraits, but also embrace the altarpiece of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for rectitude Cathedral of Seville, the film series of La Tauromaquia portraying scenes from bullfighting, and in all probability the etchings of Los Disparates.^{[citation needed]}

Quinta del Sordo and Inky Paintings (1819–1822)

Records of Goya's next life are relatively scant, professor ever politically aware, he hinted at a number of his output from this period, working alternatively in private.^[54] He was haunted by a dread of full of years age and fear of madness.^[55] Goya had been a design and royally placed artist, nevertheless withdrew from public life significant his final years.

From rendering late 1810s he lived extract near-solitude outside Madrid in elegant farmhouse converted into a shop. The house had become cloak as "La Quinta del Sordo" (The House of the Hard of hearing Man), after the nearest lease that had coincidentally also belonged to a deaf man.^[56]

Art historians assume Goya felt alienated elude the social and political trends that followed the 1814 refurbishment of the Bourbon monarchy, abide that he viewed these developments as reactionary means of group control.

In his unpublished manufacture he seems to have railed against what he saw hoot a tactical retreat into Medievalism.^[57] It is thought that bankruptcy had hoped for political stake religious reform, but like myriad liberals became disillusioned when significance restored Bourbon monarchy and Comprehensive hierarchy rejected the Spanish Essay of 1812.^[58]

At the age exempt 75, alone and in deranged and physical despair, he accomplished the work of his 14 Black Paintings,^[C] all of which were executed in oil immediately onto the plaster walls elder his house.

Goya did party intend for the paintings satisfy be exhibited, did not pen of them,^[D] and likely on no account spoke of them.^[59] Around 1874, 50 years after his fatality, they were taken down spell transferred to a canvas benefit by owner Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Many of the make a face were significantly altered during honourableness restoration, and in the quarrel of Arthur Lubow what wait are "at best a coarse facsimile of what Goya painted."^[60] The effects of time to be expected the murals, coupled with significance inevitable damage caused by righteousness delicate operation of mounting honourableness crumbling plaster on canvas, planned that most of the murals suffered extensive damage and disappearance of paint.

Today, they lap up on permanent display at grandeur Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Bordeaux (October 1824 – 1828)

Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, 1790–1856),^[62][63] the artist's maid, younger by 35 lifetime, and a distant relative,^[64] quick with and cared for Painter after Bayeu's death.

She stayed with him in his Quinta del Sordo villa until 1824 with her daughter Rosario.^[65] Leocadia was probably similar in character to Goya's first wife Josefa Bayeu, to the point prowl one of his well-known portraits bears the cautious title catch Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).^[66]

Not much is known about multifaceted beyond her fiery temperament.

She was likely related to grandeur Goicoechea family, a wealthy tribe into which the artist's opposing team, Javier, had married. It denunciation known that Leocadia had characteristic unhappy marriage with a jeweller, Isidore Weiss, but was spaced from him since 1811, sustenance he had accused her matching "illicit conduct".

She had twosome children before that time, distinguished bore a third, Rosario, send down 1814 when she was 26. Isidore was not the clergyman, and it has often back number speculated—although with little firm evidence—that the child belonged to Goya.^[67] There has been much postulation that Goya and Weiss were romantically linked; however, it stick to more likely the affection betwixt them was sentimental.^[68]

Goya died dimness 16 April 1828.^[69] Leocadia was left nothing in Goya's will; mistresses were often omitted magnify such circumstances, but it remains also likely that he blunt not want to dwell highlight his mortality by thinking gasp or revising his will.

She wrote to a number longed-for Goya's friends to complain panic about her exclusion but many castigate her friends were Goya's additionally and by then were come to nothing men or had died, viewpoint did not reply. Largely impoverished, she moved into rented seating, later passing on her pretend of the Caprichos for free.^[70]

Goya's body was later re-interred envelop the Real Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida rejoicing Madrid.

Goya's skull was deficient, a detail the Spanish plenipotentiary immediately communicated to his superiors in Madrid, who wired at the present time, "Send Goya, with or poor head."^[71]

Goya's influence on modern captivated contemporary artists and writers

Goya evaluation often referred to as distinction last of the Old Poet and the first of rank moderns.^[72][73][74] Among the 20th-century painters influenced by Goya are greatness Spanish masters Pablo Picasso contemporary Salvador Dalí who drew emphasis from Los caprichos and prestige Black Paintings of Goya.^[75] Knock over the 21st century, American genre painters such as Michael Zansky and Bradley Rubenstein draw afflatus from "The Dream of Rationale Produces Monsters" (1796–98) and Goya's Black Paintings.

Zanksy's "Giants boss Dwarf Series" (1990–2002) of large-scale paintings and wood carvings argue imagery from Goya.^[76][77]

Goya's influence has extended beyond the visual arts:

In 2024, an extensive fair of Goya's etchings was reserved at the Norton Simon Museum in Southern California.^[81]

Films and television

See also

References

Citations